Abolition did poorly at the polls. This belief arose primarily from the widespread conviction that slaves could not take care of themselves if left to their own devices. It cannot be subverted without drenching the country in blood . Another ensured that slave owners could travel between Confederate states with their slaves. Such preachers as Charles Colcock Jones (18041863) of Liberty County, Georgia, traveled from plantation house to plantation house to preach to the slave populations there. "The Difference in Race between Northern and Southern People." If the South Had Won the Civil War, Slavery Could Have Lasted Until the 20th Century. Forced to sign a document stating that Texas was independent after losing the Battle of San Jacinto in April 1836. But a number of factors combined to give the movement increased momentum, particularly as abolitionisms cause became caught up in the undercurrents of sectionalism. . George Fitzhugh, a southern writer of social treatises, was a staunch supporter of slavery, not as a necessary evil but as what he argued was a necessary good, a way to take care of enslaved persons and keep them from being a burden on society. Edited by Giles Gunn, SOUTH, THE 1830s President of Mexico. Resistance to and the Defense of Slavery - CliffsNotes what did white southern apologists believe? what was expected to happen if war broke out between the north and the south and did it? Under the pressure of worldwide public opinion, slavery was completely abolished in its last remaining Latin American strongholds, Cuba and Brazil, in 188086 and 188388 respectively, and thus the enslavement of persons of African descent by legal regimes ceased to exist as a Western phenomenon. In his famous thanksgiving sermon in New Orleans in November 1860, the Presbyterian minister Benjamin Morgan Palmer (18181902) stated bluntly, "I throw off the yoke of this union as readily as did our ancestors the yoke of King George III, and for causes immeasurably stronger than those pleaded in their celebrated declaration" (Palmer 1860, p. 14). Southern states believed that a Republican government would dissolve the institution of slavery, would not honor states rights, and promote tariff laws. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000. The Southern clergy who accommodated slavery did so for two main reasons. I have seen them rock to and fro under the influence of their feelings, like a wood in a storm. did many southerners own large numbers of slaves? James Russell Lowell, whose emotional balance was cited by a biographer as proof that abolitionists need not have been unstable, urged, in contrast to Garrison, that the world must be healed by degrees. Also of importance was the work of free Blacks such as David Walker and Robert Forten and formerly enslaved persons such as Frederick Douglass, who had the clearest of all reasons to work for the cause but who shared some broader humanitarian motives with their white coworkers. C. They felt free Black people were treated worse than the enslaved people in the South. Economists and business leaders did this by pointing out that the agricultural South needed the labor provided by slaves. For the most part, Southern ministers embraced (and often championed) the Southern cause. Planters who owned large plantation houses with at least fifty slaves made up ______ percent of the white population in the South in 1860. . I have had my finger joints stripped of the skin in consequence of them (White 1911, p. 301). In what way was the South a paternalistic society during the days of slavery? 299300). That, suggests. Affluent plantation owners thought that the middle class society in the north was terrible. The Slavery Apologists The role of the church in the Civil War and the events leading up to it was primarily one of moral guidance. Religion and Slavery | Encyclopedia.com In the 1830s, southern apologists in the South argued that slavery was a "positive good" because it allowed an elegant lifestyle for white elites and provided protection for inferior Africans. What Are 5 Warning Signs That A Tornado May Occur? In other words, Thornwell explains, slavery is simply part of the human condition that highlights human imperfections and that should make individuals work harder to tackle those imperfections. Slavery and Civil War Flashcards | Quizlet The leaders of the movement copied some of their strategies from British activists who had turned public opinion against the slave trade and slavery. The economic argument, however, failed to address the exploitative nature of slavery. Its pages featured firsthand accounts of the horrors of slavery in the South and exposed, for many, the inhumane treatment of enslaved people on U.S. soil. . did not create uniform prosperity throughout the region. 7879). The prominent differences between the two were that the Confederate Constitution sought different guarantees of states rights and protected slavery as an institution. Chapter 11 Study Guide Flashcards | Quizlet White southerners became more committed to quashing antislavery ideas. Anthropologists find evidence of it in nearly every continent and culture dating back to ancient times and even the Neolithic period of human development. Palmer also argues that the slaves are better off with slavery, in part because of their own nature: "We know better than others that every attribute of their character fits them for dependence and servitude. This entry includes 2 subentries: . Included Virginia, South Carolina, and Louisiana. In Europe, the first significant efforts to ban human trafficking and abolish forced labor emerged in the 18th century. See how American abolitionists, such as Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, and Thomas Garrett, helped enslaved persons escape to freedom, Learn how the work of Frederick Douglass still matters today, This article was most recently revised and updated by, Southern defense of the peculiar institution, The History of Slavery in North America Quiz, Slavery and Resistance Through History Quiz, raided the federal armoury in Harpers Ferry. One article banned any Confederate state from making slavery illegal. According to this formulation, no single human family origin existed, and Black people made up a race wholly separate from the White race. Therefore, secession remained a reserved right of the states. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. A large portion of the Northern States believed slavery to be a sin, and would consider it as an obligation of conscience to abolish it if they should feel themselves in any degree responsible for its continuance. In the enjoyment of these rights, religion demands he should be protected. Because of this perceived threat to southern society, Calhoun argued that states could nullify federal laws. yes; the south grew half the world's cotton, it was half of the US' exports, 20% of the population was involved in it, and 20% of the English economy was textile production. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. Terms in this set (50) The Confederate Constitution stated that each state was independent but must guarantee the gradual end of slavery in Confederate territory. Between 1945 and 1969, archaeologists hurriedly surveyed over 20,000 prehistorical sites before the Mississippi River Basin was flooded by dams. JSTOR, the JSTOR logo, and ITHAKA are registered trademarks of ITHAKA. no, by 1860, the majority of southern slaves had become Americanized. Privacy Policy Contact Us How many times is slavery mentioned in the constitution? . This was because slavery was defined as akin to a marriage: the power of slave owners over slaves paralleled the power of husbands over wives and of parents over children., The father/master was supposed to be a benevolent and paternalistic overseer of all family (and property) members. 1011). Never before has the Black race of Central Africa, from the dawn of history to the present day, attained a condition so civilized and so improved, not only physically, but morally and intellectually. After Emancipation, some Southern Protestants refused to revise their proslavery views. Stringfellow, Thornton. In this 1837 speech, John C. Calhoun, then a U.S. senator, vigorously defended the institution of slavery and stated the essence of this new intellectual defense of the institution: Southerners must stop apologizing for slavery and reject the idea that it was a necessary evil. in 1861. Why did most slaves typically prefer living and working on a plantation rather than a small farm? Who was the most influential spokesman for the common school movement? . We of the South will not, cannot, surrender our institutions. How did abolitionists in the North respond to Southern apologists? A She was active in the Underground Railroad, the clandestine network of safe houses and abolitionists that helped escapees reach freedom in the North. Encyclopedia.com. The pursuit of happiness is often considered an ideal, but it may be possible to have too muchor the wrong kindof a good thing. Gale Library of Daily Life: American Civil War. Planters often broke up families and sold family members to distant plantations. He advanced the idea of a concurrent majority, a majority of a separate region (that would otherwise be in the minority of the nation) with the power to veto or disallow legislation put forward by a hostile majority. APUSH Chapter 12 Flashcards | Quizlet he published Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World in 1829, she fought for black emancipation and women's rights in New York, he advocated the idea of mass recolonization of Africa, he escaped slavery in 1838 and gave a speech at an 1841 Massachusetts antislavery meeting; he gave lectures and published his autobiography in 1845, a political party founded in 1840 with support from political abolitionists. Sold tons of land to newcomers. Slaves usually named their children after _________, which illustrated the importance of __________ for African Americans. There was, moreover, growing revulsion at the ruthlessness of slave hunters under the Fugitive Slave Law (1850), and the far-reaching emotional response to Harriet Beecher Stowes antislavery novel Uncle Toms Cabin (1852) further strengthened the abolitionist cause. they tightened slave codes and prohibited both voluntary and compensated emancipation. (Palmer 1860, p. 8). Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which identifies an advantage to slaves living on large plantations with stable slave populations?, Which practice provides the best evidence against the idea of benevolent planters who looked after the best welfare of their slaves?, Nonslaveholders in the South followed the leadership of slave owners because they and more. In the mid-1800s, slave owners in the South believed in the chattel principle, or the belief that slaves were pieces of moving property and therefore would always belong to their owners. Sold tons of land to newcomers. On the more extreme side were figures like John Brown, who believed an armed rebellion of enslaved people in the South was the quickest route to end human bondage in the United States. Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes The conflicting elements would burst the Union asunder, powerful as are the links which hold it together. They argued that slaves lived in better conditions than factory workers. Teaching with Reveal Digitals American Prison Newspapers Collection, attitudes and actions in the antebellum period, Proslavery Christianity After the Emancipation, The River Basin Surveys Preserved American Prehistory, Unmaking a Priest: The Rite of Degradation, Celebrating Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month, The Strange Career of the Lady Possum of the New World, To Get Help for Sick Kids, Mothers Wrote to Washington. JSTOR Daily readers can access the original research behind our articles for free on JSTOR. Identify the main proslavery arguments in the years prior to the Civil War. Agassiz helped to popularize polygenism, the idea that different human races came from separate origins. Thanks for reading! was cotton an important factor of the economy? They believed that slavery was a good thing and it provided some sort of elegant lifestyle for white elites. More important, from the point of view of the congregants, both black and white, is the message sent from Southern pulpits that protection was the watchword. Recent post: Who Is The Catholic Bishop Of South Dakota? Disquisition on Government advanced a profoundly anti-democratic argument. APUSH CH 12 Flashcards | Quizlet Before, during, and after the United States Revolutionary War, several of the original 13 British colonies abolished slavery. In 1833, the same year Britain outlawed slavery, the American Anti-Slavery Society was established. Is Uc San Diego The Same As University Of San Diego? In the last place, the negro race is inferior to the white race, and living in their midst, they would be far outstripped or outwitted in the chase of free competition. His wife, however, had inherited several slaves. Did the Confederate Constitution stated that each state was independent but must guarantee the gradual end of slavery in Confederate territory? False The Confederate Constitution stated that each state was independent AND GUARANTEED slavery in Confederate territory. document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); As abolitionism gathered strength, white Southerners repositioned themselves from an acceptance of slavery as a necessary evil to defending it as a positive good. One popular advocate of the idea posited that Black people occupied a place in evolution between the Greeks and chimpanzees. Palmer then poses the question, "If the South is such a people, what, at this juncture, is their providential trust?" For the last time, the American Civil War was not about states - Quartz The principle that a slave was property to be bought and sold. Florida Agricultural And Mechanical University, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Massachusetts Institute Of Technology (Mit), Missouri University Of Science And Technology, State University Of New York Health Science Center At Brooklyn, Suny College Of Environmental Science And Forestry, The University Of North Carolina At Charlotte, The University Of Texas Health Science Center At Houston, The University Of Texas Health Science Center At San Antonio, The University Of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University Of Texas Medical Branch At Galveston, The University Of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Uniformed Services University Of The Health Sciences, University At Buffalo Suny School Of Engineering And Applied Sciences, University Of California, Los Angeles (Ucla), University Of Illinois At Urbana Champaign, University Of Maryland Baltimore County (Umbc), University Of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, University Of Tennessee Health Science Center, University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. What was the primary source of income for most yeoman farmers? Many Southerners compared their cause to that of the American Revolution of nearly a century earlier, and religious leaders eagerly helped popularize that notion. Faced with growing criticism by a largely Northern-based abolition movement, however, people in the Southern states felt compelled to defend themselves and to show solid justifications for keeping slaves. Slaves were needed for farming mostly, and agriculture is the South's forte. I'm Cary Hardy, an education expert and consultant. Hi there! APUSH Chapter 16 Flashcards | Quizlet The Confederate Constitution was adopted by the Confederacy in opposition to the Union and the United States Constitution. A. Instead, Calhoun insisted, slavery was a positive good. He went further, making legal arguments about the Constitution protecting states rights to preserve slavery. Was the Conspiracy That Gripped New York in 1741 Real? But they refused to see this defeat as a divine judgment on their beliefs and actions. The Southern apologist were people from the southern parts of the united states who argued in favour of slavery. . Stout, Harry S. Upon the Altar of the Nation: A Moral History of the Civil War. I may say with truth, that in few countries so much is left to the share of the laborer, and so little exacted from him, or where there is more kind attention paid to him in sickness or infirmities of age. White southerners keen on preserving the institution of slavery bristled at what they perceived to be northern attempts to deprive them of their livelihood. The master occupies towards him the place of parent or guardian. Abolition and the Abolitionists - National Geographic Society Sig= was a weak justification for slavery and racism in the south. The most profitable commodity bought and sold in the upper tier of southern states was. . Palmer, Benjamin Morgan. The split between Northern and Southern religious leaders began well before the start of the Civil War. After several years of teaching, I transitioned into the world of educational consulting. How Did Southerners Justify Secession? - Reference.com Extolling "our faith that the negro is one blood with us," Thornwell goes on to admit that slavery itself may not be a perfect system: "Slavery is a part of the curse which sin has introduced into the world and stands in the same general relation to Christianity as poverty, sickness, disease and death. New York: Neale Publishing Company, 1911. If the United States possesses an off, Before slavery became a fixture on the North American mainland, Europeans, both Catholics and Protestants, debated the relationship between African s, The Sky is Gray by Ernest J. Gaines, 1968, The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. It declared that any property used by the Confederate military, including slaves, could be confiscated by Union forces. Interestingly, many white preachers made it a point of preaching to slave congregations; some turned their ministries exclusively to slaves. The Origins of the Lost Cause Myth | History News Network New York: Macmillan, 1987. I appeal to facts. Consequently, many Northerners remained unwilling to adopt abolitionist policy and were distrustful of abolitionist extremism. The master-slave relationship was frequently compared to a parent-child relationship. The agricultural-based plantation economy of Southern colonies like Virginia and the Carolinas required a large labor force, which was met via enslaving people of African descent. How did the Confederate States of Americas constitution differ from the Constitution of the United States of America? https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/slavery-apologists, "The Slavery Apologists Texans were wiped out by Mexican forces. document.getElementById( "ak_js_3" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); JSTOR Daily provides context for current events using scholarship found in JSTOR, a digital library of academic journals, books, and other material. Gale Library of Daily Life: American Civil War. Slaves worked at their own pace with little supervision during an eight-hour day. Which identifies a major contradiction in the attitudes of southern yeoman farmers? Calhoun became a leading political theorist defending slavery and the rights of the South, which he saw as containing an increasingly embattled minority. . . The Confederate constitution explicitly guaranteed slave property in both the states and in any newly acquired territory. Must I pause to show how it has fashioned our modes of life, and determined all our habits of thought and feeling, and moulded the very type of our civilization? this video from Heimlers History channel to learn more about some of the main pro-slavery arguments, https://openstax.org/books/us-history/pages/12-3-wealth-and-culture-in-the-south, https://cnx.org/contents/NgBFhmUc@14.3:iQkwpaR_@8/6-25-%E2%9C%92%EF%B8%8F-John-C-Calhoun-Slavery-as-a-Positive-Good-1837#fs-idm205300544. In their minds, slavery had been divinely sanctioned. Sig= provided insight into the horrible life of a slave. slavery actually reduced their standard of living. The North also produced defenders of slavery, including Louis Agassiz, a Harvard professor of zoology and geology. Founder of Texas. On March 3, 1861, the day before President Abraham Lincoln's inauguration, General Winfield Scott proposed four alternatives for dealing with the secession crisis. How Antebellum Christians Justified Slavery. Southern apologists claimed the master-slave relationship was more humane than employer-worker relationships because it, The invention that permitted the great expansion of cotton cultivation was the, The typical way for most slaves to express discontent was. People began to describe slavery as a positive good. As the nation expanded in the 1830s and 1840s, the writings of abolitionistsa small but vocal group of northerners committed to ending slaveryreached a larger national audience. The role of the church in the Civil War and the events leading up to it was primarily one of moral guidance. he continues. The leader of the 1831 slave uprising in Southampton County, Virginia, was. For these ministers, slavery not only had divine sanction, it was a necessary part of Christianity. Southerners provided enslaved persons with care from birth to death, he asserted; this offered a stark contrast to the wage slavery of the North, where workers were at the mercy of economic forces beyond their control. Our best stories about the vast histories and cultures of Americans with ancestry in Asia and the Pacific. . Actually, it was not. Have a correction or comment about this article? Home University Of South Dakota What Did The Confederate Constitution Say About Slavery? Moderates believed that slavery should be phased out gradually, in order to ensure the economy of the Southern states would not collapse. How did the Confederates view slavery during the war? While many members of the Southern clergy (some of whom were men of national distinction) privately had questions about slavery, many others did notand in fact saw slavery as sanctioned by the Bible. What arguments does Fitzhugh use to promote slavery? Won an exemption from the Mexican law prohibiting slavery. It emphasized the evangelical message of emotional conversion, ritual baptism, communal spirituality, and the idea that blacks were "children of God" and should be treated accordingly. In fact, the churches in many communities were biracial; although the slaves and their white masters did not mix with each other socially within the church, both worshipped there together (Boles 1994, p. 46). They were staunch supporters of slavery even though they rarely owned slaves. The sermon, in fact, has been widely credited with giving the moral and popular push to Louisiana's decision to secede from the Union. When the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), embodying the principle of popular sovereignty, opened Kansas and Nebraska to slaveryland that had long been reserved for the westward expansion of the free statesNortherners began to organize themselves into an antislavery political party, called in some states the Anti-Nebraska Democratic Party and in others the Peoples Party but in most places the Republican Party. I've worked with students of all ages and backgrounds, and I love helping them unlock their full potential. But let me not be understood as admitting, even by implication, that the existing relations between the two races in the slaveholding States is an evil:far otherwise; I hold it to be a good, as it has thus far proved itself to be to both, and will continue to prove so if not disturbed by the fell spirit of abolition. In African American families in which husband and wife were often separated, who was typically considered the head of the family? New Orleans, LA: n.p., 1860. John Adger (18101899), who preached in a Presbyterian church in Charleston, South Carolina, served as a missionary in what are now Turkey and Armenia for a dozen years; he returned to the United States in 1846 and wished to return to his missionary work. Gale Library of Daily Life: American Civil War. . After all, the New Testaments injunctions for slaves to obey their masters appeared alongside instructions for wives to obey their husbands., This hierarchy placed white men (including ministers) at the top, because slaves (and white women and children) were incapable of ordering themselves. I hold then, that there never has yet existed a wealthy and civilized society in which one portion of the community did not, in point of fact, live on the labor of the other. The Irony of Southern Religion. John C. Calhoun, u201cSlavery as a Positive Good,u201d 1837. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. In making their defense of slavery, they critiqued wage labor in the North. We publish articles grounded in peer-reviewed research and provide free access to that research for all of our readers. Through the days leading up to the secession and during the war itself, Palmer and other preachers delivered the same message. Confederate Constitution explicitly supported slavery and asserted state rights. Moses Drury Hoge (19181899), once the personal minister to Jefferson Davis, noted that those who praised the colonial soldiers of the American Revolution and those who praised the Confederate soldiers did "homage to virtue.
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