Acta Psychologica, 139, 159-165. Journal of Neurophysiology, 41, 910-932. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Experimental Brain Research, 149, 207-213. Although the goal of comparative psychology lies in generating principles of generality concerning behavior rather than in direct extrapolation to humans, results can provide worthwhile hypotheses regarding the evolution of human behavior. Attentional networks. Cues become associated with a memory and can later be used to retrieve memories from long term storage. Nobre, A. C., Sebestyen, G. N., & Miniussi, C. (2000). Neuroscience Letters, 554, 6-10. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61, 968-976. Timothy N. Welsh. PubMed Central Talking to your doctor right away can ensure that you get immediate treatment before problems get worse. When a memory is formed, cues associated with the formed memory form a constellation of nerve networks in which the memory is stored. For When 'Lowdown Crook' Isn't Specific Enough. Culham, J. C., & Kanwisher, N. G. (2001). 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. (2013). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 1036771. The synthetic approach we suggest here might appear reductionist. Barrett, L.F. (2017). Dissociable Learning Processes in Comparative Psychology Pursuing the analytic approach and trying to use one concept like attention to explain all of these results (that is, as a singular explanans) is problematic the term invariably gets spread so thin, across so many different findings, that it ends up being too vague to have any empirical punch. 2b). Wang, X. J. London: Pergamon Press. PMC Katz, L. N., Yates, J. L., Pillow, J. W., & Huk, A. C. (2016). The central executive has two "slave systems" responsible for short-term maintenance of information, and a "central executive" is responsible for the supervision of information integration and for coordinating the slave systems. Given that this integration is the explanandum (the to-be-explained phenomenon), postulating the existence of one map that has no other function than achieving this integration seems to be one more attempt to explain a psychological phenomenon by positing the existence of a dedicated system whose only purpose is to somehow create that phenomenon. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Consciousness is an enigma. Cisek, P. (2019). Krauzlis, R.J, Bollimunta, A., Arcizet, F., & Wang L. (2014). Selective reaching: Evidence for action-centred attention. While this transfer of storage is occurring, the rate of decay in the OSCAR model is either constant or non-existent. The question is not whether the posterior parietal cortex plays a role in something called attention or something else called intention, but how the posterior parietal cortex fits within a broader system that enables animals to select and control interactions with their environment to achieve their goals and avoid negative outcomes. Oscillator-based memory for serial Conventionally, stimuli must have been selected in order for the organism to have received a reward, thus conflating the two concepts. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. One of the great conundrums in experimental psychology and neuroscience is exactly how all of these streams of information diverge from initial sensory areas and then converge to produce action. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics. Cerebral Cortex, 5, 410-428. Morgan O, Strassnig MT, Moore RC, Depp CA, Ackerman RA, Pinkham AE, Harvey PD. That is, the same feature (e.g., orientation) can be prioritized in one action context (e.g., grasping), but not another action context (e.g., pointing). (2018). Vision Research, 36, 1827-1837. Neuropeptidergic regulation of pair-bonding and stress buffering: Lessons from voles. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer. (2010). Another reason why just adding selection history as an additional factor raises more questions than answers is that the concept itself is unclear, particularly in its overlap with other related factors beyond exogenous and endogenous control. APA Dictionary of Psychology The processes of facilitation and inhibition in a cue-target paradigm: Insight from movement trajectory deviations. A., & Yantis, S. (2012). In M.S. synonyms. Value-driven attentional and oculomotor capture during goal-directed, unconstrained viewing. The attentional impact or prioritized processing associated with intended future movements goes beyond mere spatial prioritization because other studies have shown that moving or planning to move also facilitates the detection of action-related features of the object targeted by the movement. To be clear, we are not advocating an alternative theory at this point, but rather we suggest an alternative theoretical perspective: Let us replace the analytical approach, which seeks to explain complex phenomena by first carefully defining them and then subdividing them into simpler elements, with a synthetic approach that considers how simple mechanisms and functional processes, each of which is itself behaviorally relevant, can together give rise to complex phenomena. Once defined, constructs become objects of conceptual scrutiny in their own right. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 524, 595-608. Because these eye patches projected contralaterally to the tectum, which projected ipsilaterally to the spinal cord, the circuit caused our ancestors to turn away from salient visual stimuli such as the shadow from an approaching predator (Fig. Each of these circuits processed sensory information in an idiosyncratic manner specialized for its specific type of action (e.g., space near the legs for locomotion, space near the snout for ingestion) and each projected to a specific set of relevant effectors. While consciousness has intrigued philosophers and scientists for thousands of years, experts clearly have a long way to go in our understanding of the concept. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. (2007). Modern researchers have proposed two major theories of consciousness: integrated information theory and global workspace theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Experimental Brain Research, 113, 144152. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Construct_(psychology)&oldid=1023818644, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 18 May 2021, at 14:36. Cerebral Cortex, 6, 102-119. Kahneman, D. (1973). Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks. Construct | psychology | Britannica In this model, the cues work as a pointer to a memorys position in the mind. Journal of Neurophysiology, 103, 2124-2138. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00238.2009, Song, J.H., & McPeek, R.M. A psychological construct is a label for a domain of behaviors. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences, 298,187-198. Neuron, 81, 1401-1416. The main advantage over the separate body-chassis construction method is in the torsional rigidity achieved. [1] In that case, anxiety is a construct that underlies the behavior that is observed. Saitoh, K., Menard, A., & Grillner, S. (2007). Probing the time-course of facilitation and inhibition in gaze cueing of attention. Furthermore, across a series of reach-decision experiments, a multitude of biasing factors have been observed including: reward value and probability (Chapman, Gallivan, & Enns, 2015a), the best option in a decision set (Wispinski, Truong, Handy, & Chapman, 2017), current level of accumulated wealth (Neyedli & Welsh, 2015a), the number of targets and not the perception of them (Milne et al., 2013), and how the number of choice-options is represented (Chapman et al., 2014). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in While the unitary theories of memory may give attention to alternate factors that the working memory model had initially overlooked, new data has surfaced and the model has adapted to new findings. Research on consciousness has focused on understanding the neuroscience behind our conscious experiences. Epub 2021 Dec 7. 2022 May;243:489-499. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.11.027. In H. Pashler (Ed. This availability becomes particularly important in primates, which evolved from tree-climbing insect eaters and developed large eyes with a central, high-resolution fovea, and acquired a taste for fruit. Evolution of posterior parietal cortex and parietal-frontal networks for specific actions in primates. Epub 2005 Oct 28. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 8, 215. Accessibility antonyms. Journal of Neurophysiology, 81, 1978-1982. The dark triad personality refers to three negative personality traits: narcissism (entitled self-importance), Machiavellianism (entitled self-importance), Machiavellianism (strategic exploitation and deceit), and subclinical psychopathy (callousness and cynicism), which all share malevolent features. Collectively, these data indicate that attention, selection, and intention are not readily separated in a set of discrete serial processes, but are more dynamic and continuous in nature and embedded within a densely interconnected, parallel processing system. ; Knowledge: This is a person's general understanding of a wide range of topics and can be equated with crystallized intelligence. Kalaska, J. F., & Crammond, D. J. & Keane, M.T. The comparative psychology of monogamy - PubMed (1990) A feature model of immediate memory. In their case, endogenous and exogenous control were insufficient to account for the variety of pheomenena being ascribed to the concept of attention, so they added selection history. Google Scholar. (1995) Proactive interference plays a role in the word-length effect. Robert Crowder argued against a separate short-term store starting in the late 1980s. Very nice, good running and driving 1968 Fairlady 1600. These conceptual confusions have created a situation in which it is no longer clear what the to-be-explained problem actually is (do we have a cognitive bottleneck that we need to make the best of, or do we have too much information we need to choose from? Based on careful definition of these six facets, a measure of each was devised for each of five methods of measurement: Self-Rating, Personal Description, Internation Simulation, Adjective Checklist, and Personality Questionnaire. . Hand deviations away from visual cues: Indirect evidence for inhibition. This means that selectivity is an emerging property arising from a myriad underlying processes, and the simple fact that humans (and other species showing selective attention) evolved the way they did, with selective attention being one of many byproducts, next to selective intention and selective decision making. Here, we have primarily emphasized selection mechanisms in the superior colliculus and parietal cortex, but similar arguments can be made for other selection mechanisms in other brain regions. One candidate structure is the superior colliculus, which is thought to reflect a priority map of stimuli in the visual field (Fecteau & Munoz, 2006). (2014). At first there does not seem to be anything wrong with the idea that structures, or a singular structure, in the human central nervous system are devoted to collecting and integrating information that affects prioritized processing. B. However, a separate line of research implicates these same regions of the brain in processes related to movement control (Mountcastle, Lynch, Georgopoulos, Sakata, & Acuna, 1975; Snyder, Batista, & Andersen, 1997). Intention-related activity in the posterior parietal cortex: a review. Robinson, D. L., Goldberg, M. E., & Stanton, G. B. Some of these changes occur naturally; others are the result of factors such as drugs or brain damage. In primates, expansion of the parietal cortex was particularly dramatic, yielding a variety of idiosyncratic representations of space particular to the needs of different action types (Andersen, Snyder, Bradley, & Xing, 1997; Stein, 1992) (see Fig. The attempt to establish evidence for construct validity inferences is tantamount to theory testing. Selecting a target for gaze becomes part of selecting what to reach for or which branch to grasp to climb. ), Attention, 223256. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Gallivan, J. P., & Chapman, C. S. (2014). Multimodal representation of space in the posterior parietal cortex and its use in planning movements. One of the problems with the study of consciousness is the lack of a universally accepted operational definition. However, the fit of reward history into this joint category is much less obvious than this theoretical integration suggests since reward history is itself likely composed of many differentiable factors. Human Movement Science, 13, 245254. 3), where the fraction of spontaneously complemented TEVp fragments is predicted to be higher, clear background activity is also visible. (2019, this issue). [8] Unitary theories also generally have only one loop or no loop at all, whereas the Working Memory model relies on multiple loops to explain the different forms of memory input. But it does not follow from these correlations that there exists anything in the brain that can be meaningfully delineated as an attentional system (or, for that matter, an intention system or decision system). Cognitive endophenotypes of psychosis within dimension and diagnosis. This finding echoes related work showing that more time is required to select optimally between visuomotor choices when they differ based on negative value information compared to when they differ based on the probability of reward (Neyedli & Welsh, 2015b). If you can describe something you are experiencing in words, then it is part of your consciousness. (1987). We conclude that what would serve scientific progress best would be to drop the term attention as a label for a specific functional or neural system and instead focus on behaviorally relevant selection processes and the many systems that implement them. The Monogamy Paradox: What Do Love and Sex Have to Do With It? Unitary theories of memory - Wikipedia A psychological construct is a label for a domain of behaviors. 2021 Oct;236:54-60. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.07.036. This guidance can be done through a procedure of phylogenetic refinement, whereby one progressively elaborates a theory about how neural and behavioral processes evolved along a given lineage, always respecting constraints about the neural modifications and behavioral adaptations that appeared at each stage (see Cisek, 2019 [this issue]). Third, research on attention has followed, and suffered from, the common analytical approach to psychological functioning (see Hommel & Colzato, 2015, for a more detailed discussion of this issue). (2011). In this series, I dig a little deeper into the meaning of psychology-related terms. Wispinski, N.J., Gallivan, J.P., & Chapman, C.S. And while these simple circuits for governing interactive behavior may seem far removed from the higher cognition of humans, they are indeed the precursors to the mechanisms that control what has been called selective attention. The tectum is homologous to the human superior colliculus, which, as discussed earlier, is strongly implicated in both orienting gaze through eye and head movements and in controlling covert attention when gaze is stationary (Basso & May, 2017). The French philosopher Rene Descartes introduced the concept of mind-body dualism or the idea that while the mind and body are separate, they do interact. Consciousness is your individual awareness of your unique thoughts, memories, feelings, sensations, and environments. It is argued that selectivity in processing has emerged through evolution as a design feature of a complex multi-channel sensorimotor system, which generates selective phenomena of attention as one of many by-products. Saccade target selection and object recognition: Evidence for a common attentional mechanism. Scientific Reports, 8, 8611. Journal of Neurophysiology, 113, 1414-1422. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00417.2014, Song, J.H., Rafal, R.D., & McPeek, R.M. Industrial and organizational (I/O) psychologists are often concerned with whether a given measurement device can be confidently relied on for making accurate decisions about hiring and promotion. The phrase the test has validity, though technically inappropriate, is often used because there is a general assumption about which inferences are (and are not) to be made from the use of a well-known measurement device. An epiphenomenon of the physical brain's complexity beneath, consciousness appears to rise from the activity of billions of neurons, like bubbles bursting at the top of a glass of champagne. unitary construct. Bradley, F.H. ), and whether attention is a concept that refers to the problem or to the solution. Nature, 386, 167-170. Instead of the traditional analytic approach to attention, we suggest a synthetic approach that starts with well-understood mechanisms that do not need to be dedicated to attention, and yet account for the selectivity phenomena under investigation. Weir, P.L., Weeks, D.J., Welsh, T.N., Elliott, D., Chua, R., Roy, E.A., & Lyons, J. Note that William James own approach to attention was mainly concerned with phenomenology, an aspect of attention that we do not further consider in this article given the modern functional and neural approaches we address instead. A very nice original VW Kever. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-019-01760-1. Accessed 2 May. (a) In the avoidance circuit, visual information from the lateral eyes arrives in the contralateral tectum, which projects ipsilaterally to the midbrain locomotor regions. This theory tends to focus on whether something is conscious and to what degree it is conscious. (1999). Welsh, T.N. Correlations between the standard BACS composite score and the sum of subscale scores weighted by their loadings on this unitary factor were very high in all groups (r.99). Rizzolati, G., Riggio, L., & Sheliga, B.M. 155-189). The research presented in this paper was supported by numerous grants including: Advanced Grant of the European Research Council (ERC-2015-AdG-694722) to BH; Operating Grants from the Canadian Institute of Health Research to PC; National Science Foundation grant BCS-1555006 to JHS; and Discovery Grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council to CSC, PC, HFN and TNW. The Oscillator Based Associative Recallolation (OSCAR) Model was proposed by Browne, Preece and Hulme in 2000 [7] The OSCAR Model is another cue driven model of memory. This adaptation was accompanied by an expansion and lamination of the telencephalic pallium, an integrative olfactory, visual, and somatosensory region that would eventually give rise to the cerebral cortex (Aboitiz & Montiel, 2015; Striedter, 2005). Psychological Review, 91, 216-234. Z., Song, J. H., & McPeek, R. M. (2011). I find myself following in the footsteps of Frank Beach's Nebraska Symposium paper of 30 years ago in arguing against a unitary concept of monogamy, just as he argued against a unitary concept of "sex drive." The authors would like to recognize the financial support of the Psychonomic Society. The role of visual attention in saccadic eye movements. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. This runs into the danger that research and theorizing on attention is based on circular reasoning (attentional phenomena are explained by assuming and pointing to attentional systems) rather than on a deeper mechanistic understanding of how the observed phenomena are causally produced (Krauzlis et al., 2014). (2003). 2013 Nov;170(11):1275-84. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12101298. Presence and reality judgment are two important variables to take into account in the virtual reality field. It can, for example, maintain a seven-digit telephone number for as long as one repeats the number to oneself again and again.
