Make the most of doctor visits. 80% (n = 16) of SRs included in this overview were given ratings of low or critically low confidence using the AMSTAR 2 checklist, although this is not unusual given the stringency of the checklist. It is important to note that any health records that the school receives from outside providers will most likely be considered school health records. These reasons for exclusion applied to 183 and 126 SRs, respectively. Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometrics and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitt (LMU) Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany, Affiliation: The World Health Organization (WHO) launched the Global School Health Initiative in 1995 with the goal to improve child, adolescent and community health through health promotion and programming in schools [1]. Investing in a school management system is perhaps one of the easiest and most effective ways quickest ways institutions make the best sense of student data. Qualified professionals such as school nurses, nurse practitioners, dentists, health educators, physicians, physician assistants, and allied health personnel provide these services. Evans and colleagues found strong evidence from China, Tanzania, and India that school vision screening for correctable visual acuity deficits increased wearing of spectacles when spectacles were provided at no cost [21]. Five of the included studies examined the same weekly sleep education program from the Australian Centre for Education in Sleep. Building on a method suggested by Shea and colleagues [17], grades of confidence in the results of each SR were generated based on critical flaws and non-critical weaknesses. While other pillars of Health Promoting Schools have relevant guidance documents, guidance on school health services is limited and not explicitly evidence-based. For students with chronic health conditions, school nurses and other health care providers play a large role in the daily management of their conditions. Here are the product of records till keepand why they're important. From the limited amount of information available in existing systematic reviews, the strongest evidence supports implementation of anxiety prevention programs, indicated asthma education, and vision screening with provision of free spectacles. Kavanagh and colleagues examined depression and anxiety group counseling programs based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and found statistically significant reductions of depressive symptoms at both four weeks and three months follow-up [24,39]. More research should be done to identify the content and methods of deliver that make some oral health education interventions more effective than others. In four SRs, 100% of included studies fulfilled all inclusion criteria [18,27,29,33], although Brendel and colleagues [29] only included one study in total. If consensus was not possible during title/abstract or full text screening, a third reviewer (DR), who had the casting vote, would have been asked to independently screen the article. First, an overview is unlikely to include the latest evidence if recent primary studies have not yet been included in SRs. The school sends you reports that tell you how your child is doing in school and what the school is doing for him. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. What is a school health assessment?A school health assessment is a systematic collection, review, and analysis of information about school health-related policies and programs for the purpose of improving students health and educational outcomes. A recent guideline from the International Agency for Prevention of Blindness (IAPB) reiterates the importance of free spectacles and goes further to suggest that low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) adopt comprehensive school eye health programs [43]. The effectiveness of school-based mental health services was assessed in nine SRs (Table 3C) [19,23,24,28,29,3234,36,39]. You may know to keep a file of those records. The search strategy is presented in S2 Appendix. Electronic health records: An essential tool in keeping students healthy (Position Statement). The study assessed a group counseling intervention and found no statistically significant effects on the prevalence of anxiety, self-esteem, internalizing behavior or externalizing behavior [29]. SRs addressed various intervention types: universal interventions [19,24,28,32,34,39]; targeted interventions for military-connected children [29], children and adolescents at risk for depression and/or anxiety [28,34], refugee and war-traumatized youth [36], and children referred to therapy [33]; and indicated interventions for children and/or adolescents diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder [23], depression [24,28,39], or anxiety [24,34,39]. Only one quasi-experimental study from the United States in 1999 was included in the SR. Figure 1 shows how school health services uses various methods to support students. When used properly, EHRs have the potential to "maximize quality, decrease cost, and prevent errors, as well as promote the interoperability of school health records with providers in other care settings." School nurses might use an EHR for: Tracking student health trends Ensuring health documentation is secure and compliant Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. No SRs found eligible studies comparing vision screening with no vision screening. The Secondary Education Commission has recommended the maintenance of cumulative record of each pupil by the class teachers. This overview primarily found evidence for special research interventions, suggesting a need for assessment of routinely-delivered school health services. The Advantages of Digitizing School Health Records - EduHealthSystem There is potential to analyze this data at both the individual and population level to understand the links between health and education as well as the links between health interventions and outcomes. While this overview found significant gaps in the evidence for certain health areas, this does not necessarily mean that relevant high quality primary trials have not been conducted. However, the SR suggested that the studies were ineffective in changing self-reported risky behaviors, although follow-up was either immediate or short-term (less than 6 months) [35]. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. About eight-in-ten U.S. murders in 2021 - 20,958 out of 26,031, or 81% - involved a firearm. | 3 Registration Options. Results from this overview suggest that certain interventions can be effective in improving child and adolescent health outcomes, and thus may be worthwhile for integration into school health programs. CCAs can be interpreted as indicating slight, moderate, high or very high overlap with scores of 05, 610, 1115, or >15, respectively [16]. Excluded full text articles. 1100 Wayne Ave, Suite #925 Silver Spring, MD 20910-5669, 2023 NASN | Terms Of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement | LiveChat. Health Record to Teacher: Purpose: 1. CCA values for all health areas and calculations are available in Tables C and D in S5 Appendix. Due to the heterogeneity of the SRs included in this overview, it was not possible to perform a meta-analysis. Academic performance records, such as grades and report cards, provide insight about. The final three SRs either did not state the locations of included studies [27,34] or provided regions rather than specific country locations [26]. The full list of the specific reasons for exclusion of full texts is available in Table A within S3 Appendix. Why every school needs an EHR system - Frontline Education School health services staff can help all students with preventive care such as flu shots and vision and hearing screening, as well as acute and emergency care. c. schools are access sites for students to receive increased and improved care, which might not be adequately received elsewhere d. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. In addition, both the Healthy School Report Card and the Healthy Schools Inventory may be used to collect data for evaluation.Are there requirements to use a school health assessment?Yes, in some states and districts. Review quality was assessed using a modified Ballard and Montgomery four-item checklist. Given the wide reach of schools [8] and the fact that school health services already exist in at least 102 countries [9], research on the effectiveness of school health services in LMIC and LIC must be prioritized in order to fulfill Sustainable Development Goal 3.8 and reach universal health coverage by 2030 [51]. Finally, the overview aimed to identify the health areas and specific school health services interventions for which no SRs were found, whether because the primary literature does not exist or where there are primary studies but no SR has been conducted. Why Certain School Records Are Important to Keep Saving Lives, Protecting People, Research Brief: Addressing the Needs of Students with Chronic Health Conditions: Strategies for Schools, Research Brief: Chronic Health Conditions and Academic Achievement, Fact Sheet: Health Insurance for Children: How Schools Can Help, Fact Sheet: Managing Chronic Health Conditions in Schools: The Role of the School Nurse, National Center for Medical Home Implementation School Nurses Linking with the Medical Home, Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors and Academic Grades, Tobacco Product Use Behaviors and Academic Grades, Other Health Behaviors and Academic Grades, Characteristics of an Effective Curriculum, Tips for Promoting School Employee Wellness, Physical Education Curriculum Analysis Tool, Health Education Curriculum Analysis Tool (HECAT), Body Mass Index (BMI) Measurement in Schools, Inclusive School Physical Education and Physical Activity, Physical Activity Before and After School, What School Nutrition Professionals Need to Know About COVID-19, Modifying School Spaces During Mealtimes to Reduce Spread of COVID-19, Supporting Students with Chronic Health Conditions in School-Based OST Programs, Healthy and Supportive School Environments, Strategies to Create a Healthy and Supportive School Environment, Strategies to Help Parents and Families Create Healthy and Supportive School Environments, How Families Can Support Student Health and Emotional Well-being, Toolkit for Schools: Engaging Parents to Support Student Health and Emotional Well-being, School Health Policies and Practices Study (SHPPS), e-Learning Series: Training Tools for Healthy Schools, Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program, Guide to Evaluating Professional Development, Understanding the Training of Trainers Model, Professional Development Follow-Up Support, How to Build a Training Cadre: A Step-by-Step Process, Guide to Promoting Professional Development, Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child (WSCC), Encourage healthy eating in school and at home, Dental Sealants Can Improve Students Oral Health, Give Your Kids a Healthy Body and Mind This Summer, Engaging Parents to Promote Healthy Schools, Funded Nongovernmental Organizations for Healthy Schools, BAM! For example, a PHR enables you to: Track and assess your health. Table C. Calculation of corrected covered areas (CCAs). However, it was unclear whether these studies involved a health provider [22]. Five SRs covered depression and/or anxiety prevention and early intervention programs, with the FRIENDS for Life program (FRIENDS) and the Penn Resiliency Program (PRP) most common [19,24,28,32,34]. The details of the quality appraisal of primary studies included in the SRs are given in Table B in S4 Appendix. For example, the exclusion of observational studies limits the ability of this overview to assess interventions where controlled studies may be unethical or impractical, such as for an intervention that has been clearly shown to be effective when delivered in a different context and the school health service program wishes to include it. Two reviewers (KK and JL) screened all titles and abstracts using the inclusion/exclusion criteria and excluded all articles that were definitely ineligible. Schools are the only institution regularly reaching the majority of school-age children and adolescents across the globe. This overview measured overlap using the corrected covered area (CCA) [16] and did not exclude overlapping studies. Vision screening is one of the most common forms of school health services [9], although the majority of programs are concentrated in high-income countries (HIC) [21]. No review evaluated the effectiveness of a multi-component school health services intervention addressing multiple health areas. School Records: Aim, Types, Maintenance & Cumulative Records For . Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of the 20 included SRs. Geryk and colleagues found that education on correct use of an inhaler improved inhaler technique, regardless of deliverer, method, or duration of the intervention [31]. A health book contains the names of students/Pupils who brings complains to the clinic, . 2. Only one of the 20 SRs included in this overview examined studies from a majority of LMIC and LIC [22,38]. The remaining three SRs also assessed FRIENDS and PRP along with additional often-overlapping programs. Students from the most diverse and complex clinical settings come to school and require care that must be coordinated with acute care records in order to assure efficient, effective care, making schools an effective partner for Accountable Care Organizations. More than half of included SRs analyzed mental health and oral health interventions, and no SRs were found that assessed other relevant health areas, such as vaccinations, communicable diseases, injuries, etc. Calculations for the CCA can be found in Tables C and D in S5 Appendix. In emergencies, school officials can provide information from education records to protect the health or safety of the student or others. In addition to these criteria for included studies, the SRs themselves had to fulfill the following criteria: (a) included the words systematic review in the title or abstract; (b) outlined inclusion criteria within the methods section; (c) published in peer-reviewed journals and indexed before June 15, 2018; (d) published in the English language. Nonetheless, it is interesting to note that all four of the SRs given moderate or high levels of confidence were Cochrane reviews. Risk of bias within primary studies was recorded in Table B in S4 Appendix. Linking School Nurses With Health Care Systems Using EHRs: An Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. The Institute of Medicine (2003) has indicated that EHRs should support delivery of patient care, be key evidence-based data points, improve patient safety, improve efficiency, facilitate management of chronic health conditions, provide outcome analysis, and share data across settings. Schroeder and colleagues reviewed the effectiveness of obesity treatment and prevention interventions that specifically involved a school nurse (Table 3D) [26]. S3 Appendix. Depending on the content and approach of the school health assessment, there might be ways to use data gathered from any of these tools to create a generalized view of school health systems, programs, and services in a state, district, school, or community. Six SRs included at least one study from countries with lower-middle income or lower income economies [18,21,22,28,35,36]. Further, the exclusion of interventions delivered by non-health providers reduces the quantity and breadth of SRs included in this overview. school health services This overview shows that the current SR literature does address mental health, specifically mood disorders. The need for quality health care for519-year-olds is great, but globally the quality ofhealth services for them are variable and coverageis limited. Can these assessments be used for data in school improvement planning processes at the state or local level?Yes. Electronic health records: An essential tool in keeping students healthy (Position Statement). Evaluations are also conducted to refine and improve the tools. The corrected covered area (CCA) was found to be 1, indicating only slight overlap between the 20 SRs. In a sensitivity analysis that we conducted comparing systematic* with systematic review we found that the number of search results increased almost three-fold, but did not reveal any new articles that would eventually have met the subsequent eligibility criteria (search results available on request). Data items included the research design of the SR and primary studies, sample description and setting, intervention characteristics, outcomes, meta-analysis results, quality appraisal, and conclusions. Electronic Health Records: An Essential Tool for School Nurses - NASN There was 92% agreement between reviewers for all items within the standard form, with discrepancies only in level of detail. e0212603. Schools are essential for young people to acquireknowledge, socioemotional skills including selfregulationand resilience, and critical thinking skillsthat provide the foundation for a healthy future. None of the SRs evaluated comprehensive, multi-component, or multi-health area school health services. The 2017 Global Accelerated Action for the Health of Adolescents (AA-HA!) Only three SRs [18,21,25] were scored as having moderate levels of confidence and just one [30] was given a high level of confidence. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. Record and track your progress toward your health goals, such as lowering your cholesterol level. Valentina Baltag, The Healthy School Report Card is already aligned with the schools improvement process. Two SRs on dental health screening [18] and behavioral interventions for caries prevention [30] found limited evidence of effectiveness. Ukraine war latest: Russia makes first comments on missile strikes Excluded full text articles and reasons for exclusion. However, all included primary studies were delivered in HIC [26]. PRISMA flowchart showing reasons for exclusion of potential systematic reviews. SHI | Using School Health Assessments | Healthy Schools | CDC Gifted Education in Rural Schools. Searches were performed on June 15, 2018. PDF SCHOOL HEALTH RECORD - Pennsylvania Department of Health Items 2, 3 and 4 of Ballard and Montgomerys four-item checklist for risk of bias in overviews of reviews, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. AMSTAR 2 classifications and results. What the data says about gun deaths in the U.S. Now, as both schools and health care systems seek to ensure that children coping with chronic conditions such as diabetes and asthma get the comprehensive, coordinated care the students need, the schools and health systems are forming partnerships to better integrate their services. Why are there different school health assessments?Different school health assessments are available to address specific areas of concern in school health and school improvement efforts. It is important to take this into account when interpreting results. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. There is no definitive guidance on how to correct for overlap, as both including or excluding overlapping SRs presents potentially biased results [13,15]. It is likely that some interventions may have the same or perhaps an even better level of effectiveness when delivered by non-health providers, such as a teacher, as compared to when delivered by health providers. Improvements in trauma-related symptoms and impairment were found through narrative assessment of creative expression interventions, cognitive behavioral interventions, and multifaceted interventions [36]. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. More than half of all suicides in 2021 - 26,328 out of 48,183, or 55% - also involved a gun, the highest percentage since 2001. The AMSTAR 2 checklist [17] was used to appraise quality of included SRs. In addition, school health data provides the potential to determine the most effective interventions to support the well being of children. Excellent School Records Behaviour for Effective Management of A strength of this overview is that it attempted to answer a question that has not yet been answered regarding the effectiveness of both comprehensive and specific school health services delivered by a health provider. Journal of school health, 86 (8), 585-594. While results from primary studies were statistically significant in both SRs, heterogeneity of interventions precluded meta-analysis by Walter and colleagues [37] and no reason was given for why meta-analysis was not performed by Geryk and colleagues [31]. 20 SRs fulfilled all inclusion criteria and were included in this overview. It's especially important to keep IEP and 504 plan records. Health records have played an increasingly important role throughout history as an important le-gal document for the exercise of individuals' rights. PubMed, Web of Science, ERIC, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library were searched systematically. Additionally, a recent review found that school-based or school-linked health services already exist in at least 102 countries [9]. This may be solved by coordinating school visits from hospital-based health professionals or by linking schools with local health centers for children and adolescents to access as needed. The same two reviewers screened the full text of all the potentially or probably eligible articles using a ranked list of the inclusion criteria (S1 Appendix).
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