Insights and Discoveries, Amsterdam 2017, pp. Framegrab. What is Calque (or Loan Translation) | BLEND Blog Notes on Painterly Narrative in the Early Work of Rembrandt, The Odalisque. Definition of exoticism in the Definitions.net dictionary. <> relationship between foreignisation and exoticism, which will be based ), Budapest, 2014. Durham: Duke University Press. Painting natural knowledge in the early seventeenth century, The History of the Dutch and Flemish Art Collection of the Szpmvszeti Mzeum. Find out the translation of exoticism to 25 languages with our English multilingual translator. VB144; London's Smaller Art Collections Week 9 THE DULWICH PICTURE GALLERY, Historians of Netherlandish Art Conference May 23 to May 26, 2018, Allegory on the Colonial Power. Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema. 100-116). Within that early modern connected world, material culture played a key role. 285-304. London: Routledge. It is used to give the reader a sense of something "exotic" and "unusual". Meaning of exoticism. The standard taxonomy in translation looks like this: -2 = Exoticism (very strong elements of source language + culture left in), -1 = Cultural borrowing (minor source elements left in), 0 = Calque (a balanced translation that tries to tow a line between both cultures and languages), +1 = Communicative translation (more toward the target language), +2 = Cultural transplantation (source elements removed and complete loyalty to the target language; as if never translated, with no hints of source language or culture). exoticism noun [ U ] uk / zt..s.z m / us / z.t.s.z m / the quality of being unusual and exciting because of coming (or seeming to come) from far away, especially a tropical country the exoticism of the East Want to learn more? <> Introduction: The Impurity of Art Cinema. If we concur with Chow, then world cinema can never give a true or authentic representation of China, India, Africa or other cultures, since centuries of European cultural hegemony have conditioned non-Western filmmakers to see themselves through Western eyes. Another Examples of Exoticism Exoticism in Translation Saids study of Europes most enduring exotic fantasies about the Middle East set the beginning for other postcolonial interrogations of romanticized projections of the cultural other by which the West continues to assert its superiority. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. For instance, if I were translating the classic VW advertising text from the early 1990s, I might leave the German term for "the joy of driving" in German: "Fahrvergngen". Change). Dynamic pace and action are replaced by an eerie stillness and languorous observational distance. 1990. London and New York: Continuum. This prominent ethnic stereotype, which readily homogenises Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese and other Asian women, is instantly legible as exotic. 6588. exoticism translations: . In contrast to other scholars, who harshly criticise certain world cinema filmmakers for becoming complicit in Western cross-cultural modes of representation, such as exoticism and Orientalism, when making films about their own cultures, Chow regards it as the inevitable consequence of bearing the memory of past objecthood the experience of being looked at which lives on in the subjective act of ethnographizing like an other, an optical unconscious (Chow, 1995: 180). (PDF) Translation as a Virtuous Circle: A Case of Borrowing in Arabic Bill Nicholss (1994: 16, 18) evocative description of film festivals as a new type of contact zone where cosmopolitan cinephiles can enjoy an abiding pleasure in the recognition of [cultural] differences reaffirms Chows argument that the encounter with the non-West is inevitably imagined in ethnographic terms. Ron Shapiro (2000: 41) sums up the pejorative attitude, prevalent in particular amongst postcolonial scholars, with acerbic cynicism: To speak of the exotic [] is to condone all manner of European imperialisms and colonialisms, and to deliberately condemn the so-called sub-altern to continued misery. Yet he is actually one of the relatively few defendants of exoticism and argues that exoticism is not necessarily false and evil (42) but has a rightful place as an imaginary construction of the Other, or indeed the Self as Other, because politics and the imagination need to be kept separate. Journal of Historical Geography 29 (4), pp. Although world cinema inevitably reflects the look from the outside and therefore anticipates what the transnational critic/festival jury/spectator wants to see, and although exoticism is an appropriate aesthetic strategy to fulfil these expectations, I am not suggesting that exoticism is the only or dominant mode of representation in world cinema. Goethes Idee der Weltliteratur. An accurate translation Lutz Bassmann went first and kept his mouth shut the whole time. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/jan/21/the-assassin-review-captivatingly-hypnotic-if-impenetrable-wuxia-tale. endobj Reading Formations and Chen Kaiges Farewell My Concubine. 316 0 obj Terms and Conditions |Privacy Statement | Cookie Settings |Accessibility | Legal Notice. In: Rosalind, Galt and Karl, Schoonover, eds., Global Art Cinema: New Theories and Histories. Since exoticism invariably spectacularises cultural difference, it is regularly censured for concealing the uneven power hierarchies that undergird colonialism and its ideological and aesthetic legacies by offering visual pleasure, the implication being that visual pleasure is something like an opiate that anaesthetises the spectators critical capacities, thereby precluding intellectual interrogation and critical distance. A +2 translation. White Western writers, painters and filmmakers have equally partaken in the process of cultural translation by making foreign people, their cultures and traditions as well as ethnic minorities within their own national or cultural sphere. 0 && stateHdr.searchDesk ? exoticism in American English. Segalen, Victor (2002). The term world cinema has been coined in analogy to Goethes conceptualisation of Weltliteratur (world literature) by which he meant not only foreign literature, but also the reception of domestic literature abroad as well as his own literary translations (Birus, 2004). 1997. Keywords: modulation, naturalness, equivalence Introduction It has been understood by translators that translating a text is not just a matter of finding the correct words in the TL, and using the correct TL grammar. xviixxii. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. For very technical texts, where accuracy of content is king, it might be closer to -2 or -1. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. ^?T{3. The demand of the nineteenth century for information about non-European peoples gave rise to numerous cheap reproductions of ethnographic drawings. When I was studying at university in Germany (Germersheim), my professors often emphasized this point. Framegrab. It is not suitable for many language pairs . Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, pp. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. A Closer Look at the Corpus Rubenianum and the Rembrandt Research Project.' (2000). London and New York: Routledge. 310 0 obj The Assassin Review Captivatingly Hypnotic, If Impenetrable, Wuxia Tale. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Against this background, contemporary world cinema and the global film festival circuit, its prime site of exhibition, can be understood as a new type of contact zone, which Mary Louise Pratt has famously theorised in the colonial context as the intercultural space of symbolic exchange and transculturation, catering for cosmopolitan cinephiles and their interest in cultural difference. Framegrab. 295 0 obj Much of contemporary world cinema is, in addition, also transnational in terms of its modes of global cultural production and funding. 48 0 obj The history of the terms "anthropology" and "ethnology" tells much about the changing scope of the field and central deba, Cultural Relativism The same holds true for world cinema, which must travel from its site of origin and be watched by audiences originating from different nations, regions or cultures. London and New York: Routledge. One moose, two moose. exoticism in Traditional Chinese - Cambridge Dictionary The viewers and critics of the home country can do nothing but be astounded by and follow the judgment of the authority of the Western world. While world cinema includes popular genre films like Bollywood and Nollywood melodrama or Hong Kong action films, global art cinema does not. 327. Travelling Concepts: Postcolonial Approaches to Exoticism. It is precisely these perceived Oriental qualities [] that separate Chinese and Western audience preferences for Zhangs films and Gong Lis images (Reynaud cited in Lu, 1997: 126). Rony, Fatimah Tobing (1996). In fact, the dogmatic insistence on cultural fidelity is incompatible with the multiple processes of cultural translation that shape world cinema. Lu, Sheldon Hsiao-peng (1997). The film was shot in the classic three-strip Technicolor process to achieve a richness of reds and yellows no longer visible in Hollywood cinema which abandoned the three-strip Technicolor camera in 1954. Not much Arctic exoticism. Segalens slim volume Essay on Exoticism: An Aesthetics of Diversity was posthumously published and is an unfinished fragment that reflects his impressions of Tahiti and China whereto he travelled between 1902 and 1919. Bhabha, Homi. Dennison, Stephanie and Song Hwee, Lim (2006). One had to make a decision to be loyal to the author of the text, or to be loyal to the reader. I am, of course, not suggesting that all world cinema filmmakers perform exoticism. I should like to thank Montage av: Zeitschrift fr Theorie und Geschichte audiovisueller Medien for granting me permission to publish my article Exotismus im World Cinema und die transnationale Rezeption, originally published in German in issue 28 (1) (2019), pp. Her transnational appeal rests primarily on her ability to signify Chineseness, femininity and mystery outside her own culture. 321 0 obj (ztszm) noun. Questions addressed include: Did Rembrandt really hire Van Vliet as his printmaker, like Rubens hired Vorster-man, Pontius and others? The Hollywood Reporter, Performing Exoticism, Autoethnography and Cultural Translation, http://www.goethezeitportal.de/db/wiss/goethe/birus_weltliteratur.pdf, https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/jan/21/the-assassin-review-captivatingly-hypnotic-if-impenetrable-wuxia-tale, https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/raise-the-red-lantern-1992, https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/assassin-cannes-review-797267, https://doi.org/10.1163/26659891-01020001. The mobility of early modern people, ideas and things, and the networks they created and relied on, facilitated flows of material and immaterial interactions. But at the same time, it is (like world cinema) a travelling concept that depends on mobility and the crossing of cultural boundaries to come into being. Professor of Film Studies, Dr. Find a translation for the exoticism definition in other languages: Select another language: - Select - (Chinese - Simplified) (Chinese - Traditional) Espaol (Spanish) It is worth emphasising that cultural translation shapes world cinema at every single stage. The foreignizing method of translating, a strategy Venuti also termed ' resistancy ' , is a non-fluent or estranging translation style designed to make visible the persistence of translator by highlighting the foreign identity of ST and protecting it from the ideological dominance of the target culture. ), Rembrandt and his Circle. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. The translation of items (words and phrases) which are specific to one culture from a Source Language expressing that culture (the Source Culture) into a Target Language expressing another. Durham and London: Duke University Press. Khoo, Olivia (2007). A Recently Discovered Painting by Willlem de Poorter, From Painting Performances to Performing Paintings. As I have demonstrated elsewhere (Berghahn, 2017), contemporary world cinema offers numerous examples of how exoticism is harnessed to new ethico-political agendas and a diverse range of humanitarian and ecological issues that have nothing in common with exoticisms tainted colonial legacy. Netherlands Yearbook for History of Art 66 (2016), Rembrandt and the Emergence of the Leiden Art Market, Tracing a Pose: Govert Flinck and the Emergence of the Van Dyckian Mode of Portraiture in Amsterdam, SWAN Review CAA Netherlandish Art in Its Global Context and Rembrandt and the Inspiration of India 20191218, Netherlandish Art and the World: A Conference on Global Art History, Utrecht, 25-27 October 2018, Allegory as Historical Method, or the Similarities between Amsterdam and Albania Reading Simon Gikandi's Slavery and the Culture of Taste, Rembrandt's Religious Paintings from 1630s, The Speelman Fellowship and Netherlandish Art in Cambridge, 'Defenders of the Image. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. When letters make sounds that aren't associated w One goose, two geese. Out of the ordinary: ways of saying that something is unusual (2), Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2023. If we conceive of world cinema and its transnational exhibition on the film festival circuit (and beyond) as such a contact zone then the interactive exchange occurring in this space is, on the one hand, the expectation of metropolitan audiences to encounter a particular kind of world cinema that corresponds to their exotic fantasies of Other cultures and, on the other hand, the creation of autoethnographic texts, that is, films made by non-Western filmmakers which appropriate the idioms of metropolitan representation (Pratt, 1992: 7). The term exoticism describes a cultural phenomenon that projects Western fantasies about profound cultural differences. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Tracing global and local aspects of design as it appears in idealized representations and in early modern Dutch historical objects, I argue that embodied experiences play key roles in the domestication of goods from overseas. Loosely plotted around one of Disneylands hoariest theme-park rides (which, even after recent updates, still teems with faux savagery and denatured, Her affinity for combining chinoiserie, Moghul-style flowers, and Provenal accents surfaces subtly, giving the rooms a whiff of, Bhutan has often been ranked as one of the worlds happiest countries, and WeCroak seems to be trading on a casual, Puertas assemblages, with their fake tropical greenery, faux fur, lace, rhinestones and sexualized forms, represent the, There's no trace of her Asian background or even the, For decades, Bollywood movies, at least when they were released here, had an undeniable, The earliest pictures here, dating from the 19th century and taken of Indigenous North Americans by non-Native photographers, emphasize. https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/exoticism, "Exoticism In cinema, Robert Flahertys ethnographic documentary Moana (USA, 1926) and Friedrich W. Murnaus feature film Tabu: A Story of the South Seas (USA, 1931) have established the South Sea film genre that continues to determine the exotic iconography of contemporary films set in this region. 4149. ]6[I N*"=EE}-Sw"E~U ?&7t'>#^/ NgtAftaes`VL^rxJ?^A*u]^460/cl!Jb|@x7 t{%hmLa s?hWmP'EDdTB.A0E*!W;hQV:&V2L^eC`%FIHJ59%]iRH/" 3%hY]hF,`bd582TP?I5MsLK`_I?+i%S~'}\9, `3+_0X~^xjdiD- 2r=nl>&ZP%I]ALL!4\~KD`hIBK:R+S }l.~q BFcN}uZ^9$2.:-w\wmle=w uCXBw0!I-(>|v!8Zb?. X5foOkYTa+*roQ>6RWJrt=$U5lP/U//MqHOFp +T[O Once associated with the exotic "Eastern" themes and styles of Eugene Delacroix's, James McNeill Whistler's, and John Singer Sargent's, Fantasy Translating (human) gender German, Spanish, Hebrew, Arabic and Russian are just a handful of the many languages which have rich grammatical gender. Lost in Translation: Exoticism in Early Modern Holland - Academia.edu 1 [1. Ungarn Jahrbuch. The Guardian, 21 January. Identifying one of the most prevalent iconographic conventions of exoticism, Victor Segalen (2002: 13), one of the chief commentators on exoticism, writes: Exoticism is willingly tropical. Durham and London: Duke University Press. Experimente el exotismo de la Medina de Marrakech. Usage explanations of natural written and spoken English, Today, the nearly 5,300-square-foot home exudes elegance and, Across the centuries, orchids have captivated us with their elaborate, Whether it's the mysteries of the blue agave source plant, the, Presumably it would be because, after 40-some-odd films in the franchise, producers felt they needed to do a little something extra to up the, Such a reductive representation of cultural difference is termed colonial, Addressing the politics of gender in studies on, They are, rather, narrative agents whose actions move the stories forward and develop the authenticity and, Although the poet insists that eros is the force of perpetual revolution, he consistently finds in it an, However, she changes her positionality as she proceeds with her description and adopts an uncertain viewing position which avoids fixating difference as a stereotypical characteristic of colonial. Forsdick, Charles (2003). One of course can try to balance that. The Assassin. You can subscribe via RSS 2.0 feed to this post's comments. Similarly, exoticism, though a prevalent interpretative model in the transnational reception of world cinema, competes with other ones, such as those which, indebted to Fredric Jamesons influential but controversial essay Third-World Literature in the Era of Multinational Capitalism (1986), conceive of world cinema in terms of national (or political) allegory. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. For When 'Lowdown Crook' Isn't Specific Enough. The fascinating story behind many people's favori Test your vocabulary with our 10-question quiz! Test your vocabulary with our fun image quizzes, Clear explanations of natural written and spoken English. Much could be and has been written on this topic, which explains why exoticism is such a highly contested concept. London and New York: Routledge. Raise the Red Lantern is set in the 1920s and tells the story of Songlian (Gong Li), a nineteen-year-old girl who is forced by her stepmother to marry the much older Master Chen after her father dies and her family goes bankrupt. Very interesting. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. What particular qualities do films as diverse as Raise the Red Lantern, LOdeur de la papaye verte (The Scent of Green Papaya, Trn Anh Hng, France/Vietnam, 1993), Como agua para chocolate (Like Water for Chocolate, Alfonso Arau, Mexico, 1992), Fa yeung nin wa (In the Mood for Love, Wong Kar-wai, Hong Kong/China, 2000), Three Seasons (Tony Bui, Vietnam/USA, 2000), Water (Deepa Mehta, Canada/India, 2007), The Assassin, Tanna (Martin Butler and Bentley Dean, Australia/Vanuatu, 2015) and El abrazo de la serpiente (Embrace of the Serpent, Ciro Guerra, Columbia/Venezuela/Argentina, 2015) possess to elicit the exotic gaze in the spectator? Nagib, Lcia (2011). In: Rosalind, Galt and Karl, Schoonover, eds., Global Art Cinema: New Theories and Histories. Offering a theoretical discussion of exoticism, alongside the closely related concepts of autoethnography and cultural translation, the article proposes that exoticism is a particular mode of aesthetic perception that is simultaneously anchored in the filmic text and elicited in the spectator in the process of transnational reception. In: Lcia, Nagib, Chris, Perriam and Rajinder, Dudrah, eds., Theorizing World Cinema. Revisiting Exoticism: From Colonialism to Postcolonialism. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF /Text]>>/Type/Page>> This article evaluates whether Lawrence Venuti's translation approach of "foreignisation" is likely to achieve his stated go al: translations that can resist cultural dominance. Goethe was particularly interested in the European reception of the foreign, which points towards the Eurocentric perspective underpinning world literature. What is "exoticism" in translation ? | John4german's Blog Accessed 1 May. Coconut trees and torrid skies. Said, Edward. endobj "The Rules of Art and Rembrandt, 1630-1730", in: W. Franits (ed. By contrast, Western audiences and critics were enthralled by this exotic spectacle which Zhang masterfully manufactured for the pleasure and gaze of the Western viewer (Lu, 1997: 126). The Fascination of Persia. Clarke, Roger (2016). Was Van Vliet involved in some of Rembrandt's own etchings? endobj Third-World Literature in the Era of Multinational Capitalism. However, to pursue this line of argument any further here is beyond the purview of my inquiry into the aesthetic characteristics of the exoticist paradigm. "Exoticism It adopts a cultural perspective that is firmly entrenched in the conventions and belief systems of Western civilization and therefore constructs the East as the archetypical location of otherness. Cultural Translation, Cosmopolitanism and the Void. She regards fiction films such as Chen Kaiges Huang tu di (Yellow Earth, China, 1984) and Zhang Yimous award-winning Ju Dou (China/Japan, 1990) and Dahong Denglong Gaogao gua (Raise the Red Lantern, China/Hong Kong/Taiwan, 1991) as a new type of ethnography practiced by those who were previously ethnographized and who have, in the postcolonial age, taken up the active task of ethnographizing their own cultures (Chow, 1995: 180). The attempt by the age of Enlightenment to study and describe the vast number of different peoples of this earth was thus soon reduced to a mere interest in costume and other extrinsic markers of otherness, which were eagerly displayed in the European homelands. The Chinese Exotic: Modern Diasporic Femininity. This is certainly not the case. exoticism - English definition, grammar, pronunciation, synonyms and Offering a theoretical discussion of exoticism, alongside the closely related concepts of autoethnography and cultural translation, it proposes that the exotic gaze is a particular mode of aesthetic perception that is simultaneously anchored in the filmic text and elicited in the spectator in the process of transnational reception. Cultural Translation a circular decoration for the head, usually made of gold and jewels (= precious stones), and worn by a king or queen at official ceremonies, Out of the ordinary: ways of saying that something is unusual (2), Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2023. Click on the arrows to change the translation direction. In most contemporary exotic films, visual pleasure is combined with haptic visuality (Marks, 2000), denoting a particular type of embodied perception that invokes memories of touch, with other forms of synaesthesia (the perception of one sensation by another modality) and intermodality (the linking of sensations from different domains) in order to reproduce the multi-sensory pleasure that has conventionally been associated with exoticism. By looking at a number of things in circulation in the early modern Netherlands, we can identify them as both global, in the sense of having travelled across long distances, having accumulated associations with the exotic, and as local, part of the cultural practices we have come to think of as Dutch. Modulation: A Translation Method to Obtain Naturalness in Target In: Charles, Forsdick and David, Murphy, eds., Francophone Postcolonial Studies: A Critical Introduction. 202-233. Racial Attitudes and Exoticism in the Old English 'Wonders of the East' The flare of recent racial tensions, especially in the wake of the Trump administration's xenophobic rhetoric, has had repercussions in Charlottesville and across the United States. Although the dynamics of globalisation have profoundly changed the configurations of Self and Other and challenged the Western ethnographers authority to interpret the signifying systems of supposedly subordinate societies, according to Rey Chow (1995: 177), we still cannot write/think/talk the non-West in the academy without in some sense anthropologizing it. This explains why non-Western filmmakers are often expected to act as native informants and interpreters whose role it is to provide authentic accounts of their cultures of origin. %PDF-1.7 120. Ethnic Food Fetishism, Whiteness, and Nostalgia in Recent Film and Television. When the concepts and structure of the source text can be easily translated into the target language, direct translation techniques are usually used. <> Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Exoticism demonstrates itself in colorful spectacles of otherness purporting to be an unmediated expression of natural drives and instincts. Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press. Exoticism in Translation by cecilia perez Ruth Fulton Benedict (18871948), originator of the configurational approach to culture, was a mature woman when she en, Culture areas are geographical territories in which characteristic culture patterns are recognizable through repeated associations of specific traits, Exoteric-Esoteric (Kenmitsu) Buddhism in Japan, Expanded Food Nutrition and Education Program, Expanding Educational Opportunities for the Masses, https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/exoticism, Transculturation and Religion: An Overview. Damrosch, David (2003) What Is World Literature? EXOTICISM | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary They expect world cinema filmmakers to continue the tradition of Third Cinema and use their films as platforms of postcolonial resistance, instead of becoming complicit in exoticising their own culture, even if this entails potentially forsaking critical or commercial success. Set in ninth-century China during the tail end of the Tang Dynasty, it tells the story of Nie Yinniang, a female assassin who is commissioned to kill a series of government officials. Exoticism in translation refers to using words or phrases which sound "exotic" in the translated language, because they are of foreign origin. endobj Khoo, 2007: 6; Heung, 1997). Discovering Form, Inferring Meaning: New Cinemas and the Film Festival Circuit. It really depends. anything exotic, as a foreign word or idiom. It has been deeply entrenched in the European imaginary of the Orient ever since Pierre Loti conflated exoticism and eroticism and his immensely popular novel Madame Chrysanthme (1887) inspired Giacomo Puccinis opera Madama Butterfly (1904) and served as a template of Asian femininity in the popular imagination of the West (cf.
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