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Here, we provide a perspective on abnormal lung humoral metabolism of pulmonary edema in COVID-19 patients, review the mechanisms by which pulmonary edema may be induced in COVID-19 patients, and propose putative drug targets that may be of use in treating COVID-19. As the infection progresses, the immune function is impaired, causing damage to multiple organs, additional complications, and eventually death (Yang et al., 2020). Cryptotanshinone Inhibits Endothelin-1 Expression and Stimulates Nitric Oxide Production in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells. Woman dies half an hour after vaccine: Autopsy shows pulmonary edema Mechanism of BK inducing pulmonary edema and potential drugs. Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. Available: https://covid19.who.int/ (Accessed March 31, 2021). Multiple TCMs have been already clinical applied for COVID-19 in China and achieved high recovery rate. J. 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Pathophysiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Is Amiloride a Promising Cardiovascular Medication to Persist in the COVID-19 Crisis?. doi:10.1152/physiol.00026.2008, Birket, S. E., Chu, K. K., Houser, G. H., Liu, L., Fernandez, C. M., Solomon, G. M., et al. 2 (6), 387396.doi:10.1038/35077544, Connors, J. M., and Levy, J. H. (2020). Moreover, exogenous delivery of Ang (17) was shown to play a part in reducing inflammation and improving pulmonary function in ARDS models (Wosten-van Asperen et al., 2011). doi:10.1002/path.2987, Wrapp, D., Wang, N., Corbett, K. S., Goldsmith, J. (2020). J. Biol. Pulmonary Edema. We identified pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, and pericardial effusion. doi:10.1136/bmj.m1432, Fleckenstein, A. Purpose To investigate pulmonary vascular abnormalities at CT pulmonary angiography (CT-PE) in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. doi:10.1177/0004563220922255, Liu, Y., Huang, F., Xu, J., Yang, P., Qin, Y., Cao, M., et al. Infection and replication process of SARS-CoV-2. It is known that SARS-CoV-2 invades human cells by binding angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor and other membrane ectopeptidases (Xu et al., 2020). KCa3.1 (1-EBIO) and KATP (minoxidil) channel openers can greatly recover AFC in mice intratracheally administrated verapamil, which is the first generation of the phenylalkylamine class of calcium channel antagonists (Fleckenstein, 1977; Nayler and Dillon, 1986), suggesting that K+ channel openers might be potential drugs for treating pulmonary edema (Han et al., 2010). 173 (3), 281287. doi:10.1038/s12276-018-0075-4, Zwaveling, S., Gerth van Wijk, R., and Karim, F. (2020). ACS Nano 14 (4), 38223835. Trav. J. Infect. Atractylenolide I Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses via Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways in RAW264.7 Cells. Recombinant ACE2 was also reported to be a potential therapy in the clinical study of ARDS, which can lead to rapid decrease of plasma Ang II level and IL-6 expression. 34 (4), 610618. Mechanism of inhibiting ENaC inducing pulmonary edema. Drug Discov. 33, 258269. 10.1007/s42399-020-00610-8 Am. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00285.2017, Beigel, J. H., Tomashek, K. M., Dodd, L. E., Mehta, A. K., Zingman, B. S., Kalil, A. C., et al. A blocked upper airway causes negative pressure in the lungs from trying to breathe through the blockage. Front. (2020a). (2020). (2020). Among all vaccine recipients, 66.6% reported at least one systemic reaction in the 7 days after vaccination. doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.01.002, Bardou, O., Priv, A., Migneault, F., Roy-Camille, K., Dagenais, A., Berthiaume, Y., et al. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2007764, Bessac, B. F., and Jordt, S.-E. 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The stimulation of TRPA1 can cause coughing, hypersecretion of mucus, rapid shallow breathing as well as bronchoconstriction (Bessac and Jordt, 2008; Birrell et al., 2009), which, if persistent, may cause ARDS and other chronic diseases. The TRP Ion Channel Family. Coronavirus; Race and Medicine . CDC interim clinical considerations and FDA Most of the published data about this association come from case reports and series. Pharmacol. Moreover, as a retrospective multicenter cohort study reported, early treatment with Qing-Fei-Pai-Du Decoction associated with better outcomes, faster recovery, and a shorter duration of hospital stay (Shi et al., 2020a). doi:10.1152/ajplung.00464.2004, Lung, J., Lin, Y. S., Yang, Y. H., Chou, Y. L., Shu, L. H., Cheng, Y. C., et al. Ann. It has been shown that the incidence and severity of COVID-19 are closely related to abnormal metabolism of inorganic salts. doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30076-x, Yan, H., Valdes, A. 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Pathological Findings of COVID-19 Associated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Efficacy of Tocilizumab in Patients Hospitalized with Covid-19. New theories of the possible link between Covid shots and tinnitus are Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is also a risk factor for severe COVID-19 which can be observed in the CT scans of COVID-19 patients (Xu et al., 2020; George et al., 2020). (2020). -, Ahmed M. H., Hassan A. doi:10.1164/rccm.200508-1302OC, Pickkers, P., Dormans, T. P. J., Russel, F. G. M., Hughes, A. D., Thien, T., Schaper, N., et al. Notably, both vaccines have strong safety profiles, with the most common adverse events including injection site reactions, fever, chills, fatigue, headache, and muscle and joint aches. Abstract Background Severe cardiogenic pulmonary edema is a . After getting vaccinated for COVID-19, you might experience some temporary symptoms similar to those you might notice when you get a flu shot, such as a sore, swollen arm where you got the shot. Am. J. Pathol. (2020). Polymodal Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 1 Nocisensor. A type of pulmonary edema called neurogenic pulmonary edema can occur after a head injury, seizure or brain . 180 (11), 10421047. 94 (8), 10911100. J. Respir. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. COVID-19; abnormal lung humoral metabolism; drug; pulmonary edema; syndrome coronavirus 2; traditional Chinese medicine. Meanwhile, the number of patients in the treatment group presenting improved PaO2/FiO2 and ROX index was higher than that of the control group (95.2% vs. 68.4% and 73.7%). 2021 Jan;93(1):94-96. doi: 10.1002/jmv.26152. TABLE 1. 39 (270), H2000H2007. Clinical and Computed Tomographic Imaging Features of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Caused by SARS-CoV-2. In addition, potassium channels can act as oxygen sensors in alveolar epithelium and thus adjust lung function to environmental changes in O2 levels (Bartoszewski et al., 2017). Med. Circ. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004276, Towne, J. E., Krane, C. M., Bachurski, C. J., and Menon, A. G. (2001). (2020). Resolving D1 (Wang et al., 2014), generated from -3 fatty docosahexaenoic acids, and ursodeoxycholic acid (Niu et al., 2019) can stimulate AFC and Na-K-ATPase in LPS-induced pulmonary edema via alveolar epithelial sodium channel and ALX/cAMP/PI3K pathway, respectively. Pharmacol. Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in Covid-19. Thus, PGs play a key role in the formation of pulmonary edema. Quantitative mRNA Expression Profiling of ACE 2, a Novel Homologue of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.12839, Wittekindt, O. H., and Dietl, P. (2019). doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000247065.11756.19, Andr, E., Gatti, R., Trevisani, M., Preti, D., Baraldi, P., Patacchini, R., et al. Disclaimer. doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2018.09.003, Solymosi, E. A., Kaestle-Gembardt, S. M., Vadasz, I., Wang, L., Neye, N., Chupin, C. J. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 36 (6), 420425. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. Hemost. Thorax 69 (1), 4654. Focusing on decreasing the formation of body fluid in lung or promoting the absorption of body fluid can contribute to a decrease in lung damage and decreased mortality in COVID-19 patients. Clinical Features of Patients Infected with 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Careers. In COVID-19 patients, pulmonary edema is diagnosed by lung ultrasound and a computerized tomography (CT) scan (Udugama et al., 2020). However, so far, no effective inhibitors have been developed against HAS2. As of Sunday, at least 16,183 people had filed complaints with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that they'd developed tinnitus, or ringing in their ears, after receiving a Covid vaccine. Not everyone gets side effects. 225 (4), 618627. Pathol. Sci. Water and sodium disturbances along with the unusual serum potassium levels are most common. Existing drugs and inhibitors targeting the components of humoral metabolism may serve as potential treatments for COVID-19 and should be further investigated. K+ Channels Regulate ENaC Expression via Changes in Promoter Activity and Control Fluid Clearance in Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Qing-Fei-Pai-Du Decoction, which is officially recommended for the treatment of COVID-19 patients as mentioned in the guideline issued by NHC (Trial 7th edition) (PRC, 2020), has an effective rate higher than 90% (2020) and can mediate the inflammatory storm induced by COVID-19 (Yang et al., 2020b), regulate the innate immune, cytokine activities (IL-17, NF-B, TNF etc. 16 (10), 17081717. It promotes the clearance of surplus fluid in alveoli and keeps alveolar space dry (Wittekindt and Dietl, 2019). Lung Cel Mol Physiol 282, L631L641. JAMA 324 (8), 782793. B., van der Loos, C. M., et al. Med. This may be due to lingering inflammation and other factors. 8 (8), 807815. Case Report: Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 Janssen doi:10.1126/science.abb2762, Yang, G., Tan, Z., Zhou, L., Yang, M., Peng, L., Liu, J., et al. You might run a fever and experience body aches, headaches and tiredness for a day or two. Exp. The spike (S) protein of coronavirus, one of the surface glycoproteins, is divided into two functional units, S1 and S2. The Pfizer study defined their primary endpoint as cases of symptomatic, confirmed COVID-19 occurring at least seven days after the second injection, while Moderna counted symptomatic, confirmed COVID-19 cases occurring at least 14 days after the second injection. The COVID-19 Vaccine Development Landscape. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. TRPV4: Physiological Role and Therapeutic Potential in Respiratory Diseases. J. Biol. Eur. Acad. 289 (1), L104L110. Potential drugs for normalizing humoral metabolism. 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Generalized Edema and Pseudothrombocytopenia After ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 COVID-19 Vaccination: A Case Report Reports of side effects of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are increasing worldwide. Physiol. SN Compr. 2023 Feb 14;14:1080962. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1080962. Comment on "Organprotective Effect of Angiotensinconverting Enzyme 2 and its Effect on the Prognosis of COVID19". eCollection 2021. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.017, Xu, Z., Shi, L., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Huang, L., Zhang, C., et al. (2020). A recent review suggested that low-to-moderate doses of dexamethasone may lower the mortality rate in patients with severe infections (Ahmed and Hassan, 2020) and the latest finding indicated that the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio determines the clinical efficacy of corticosteroid therapy in COVID-19 patients, as a neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio >6.11 associating with lower mortality in patients on corticosteroids (Cai et al., 2021). 96 (5), 25142519. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.10044, Lippi, G., South, A. M., and Henry, B. M. (2020). Anti-hypertensive Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers Associated to Mitigation of Disease Severity in Elderly COVID-19 Patients. Pulmonary vessels and perfusion are frequently abnormal in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia and may point to a key role of pulmonary vascular pathology and hypoxemia in COVID-19. Neurosci. Pharmacol. Inhibition of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2 impairs the hydrolysis of des-arg9-bradykinin. (2020). (2008). Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in an Adult after COVID-19 - PubMed Rev. Involvement of Lung Interstitial Proteoglycans in Development of Hydraulic- and Elastase-Induced Edema. It shows the vaccine is teaching your body's immune system how to protect itself from the disease. Rev. Cmp 6 (1), 1327. Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 - Final Report. Aspirin is used to reduce fever and relieve mild to moderate pain from conditions such as muscle aches, toothaches, common cold, and headaches.It may also be used to reduce pain and swelling in conditions such as arthritis.Aspirin is known as a salicylate and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ().It works by blocking a certain natural substance in your body to reduce pain and swelling.
