2014;50(7):1223-1231. Juraschek SP, Guallar E, Appel LJ, Miller ER, 3rd. A 2014 meta-analysis of 44 randomized controlled trials in subjects with or without chronic diseases summarized the effect of supplemental vitamin C on endothelial function by measuring FMD (19 studies), assessing forearm blood flow (20 studies), or by pulse wave analysis (5 trials) (39). Intake of vitamins B6 and C and the risk of kidney stones in women. A systematic review. (PubMed), 4 Young JI, Zuchner S, Wang G. Regulation of the epigenome by vitamin C. Annu Rev Nutr. The Normative Aging Study. Front Oncol. Juraschek SP, Miller ER, 3rd, Gelber AC. Ascorbic acid and rates of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. (PubMed), 124. Vitamin C | Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University A small randomized controlled trial performed in 60 ischemic stroke patients showed that intravenous vitamin C administration (500 mg/day for 10 days, initiated day 1 post-stroke) had no effect on serum markers of oxidative stress or neurological outcomes compared to placebo(143). Nutr Metab Insights. How to do the Rath /Pauling Therapy - Heal Yourself At Home (PubMed), 148. (PubMed). (PubMed), 193. (PubMed), 95. (PubMed), 207. (PubMed), 84. A three-year randomized controlled trial in 160 patients with documented coronary heart disease and low blood HDL concentrations found that a combination of simvastatin (Zocor) and niacin increased HDL concentration, inhibited the progression of coronary artery stenosis (narrowing), and decreased the frequency of cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction and stroke(202). Cancer Res. More recent prospective cohort studies have reported no association between dietary and/or supplemental vitamin C intake and breast cancer (67-69). When the results of the Womens Antioxidant Vitamin Estrogen (WAVE) trial were reanalyzed based on Hp genotype, antioxidant therapy (1,000 mg/day of vitamin C + 800 IU/day of vitamin E) was associated with improvement of coronary atherosclerosis in diabetic women with Hp1-1 genotype but worsening of coronary atherosclerosis in those carrying the Hp2-2 genotype (148). In contrast, a 2014 meta-analysis of 10 prospective cohort studies in 17,696 women with breast cancer found a lower risk of total and breast cancer-specific mortality with higher supplemental and dietary vitamin C intakes (126). 1999;69(6):1086-1107. (PubMed), 131. These enzymes are either monooxygenases or dioxygenases (see Table 1). (PubMed), 82. J Biol Chem. You may not copy, modify, distribute, display, transmit, perform, publish or sell any of the copyrightable material on this website. 2013;65(6):1636-1642. A secondary analysis of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in nearly 10,000 pregnant women found no reduction in the risk of preeclampsia with supplemental vitamin C (1,000 mg/day) and vitamin E (400 IU/day), regardless of womens smoking status during pregnancy. However, none of these alleged adverse health effects have been confirmed in subsequent studies, and there is no reliable scientific evidence that doses of vitamin C up to 10 g/day in adults are toxic or detrimental to health. (PubMed), 41. Bjog. Sesso HD, Buring JE, Christen WG, et al. 2017;13(3):558-567. It is not intended as nutritional or medical advice for individual problems. Infection with the bacteria, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), is known to increase the risk of stomach cancer and is associated with lower vitamin C content of stomach secretions (74, 75). Approximately one-half of the cell lines tested were resistant to vitamin C cytotoxicity, a response associated with high levels of catalase activity. Dietary intakes of antioxidant vitamins and mortality from cardiovascular disease: the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study (JACC) study. 2006;114(3):350-354. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Vitamin C is concentrated in the brain through a combination of active transport into brain tissue and retention via the blood-brain barrier (100). Available at: https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/facts-figures. New York: Marcel Decker, Inc.; 1997:1-24. Int J Cancer. 2015;35:545-564. Diabetol Metab Syndr. (PubMed), 133. Thompson CA, Cerhan JR. Fruit and vegetable intake and survival from non-Hodgkin lymphoma: does an apple a day keep the doctor away? 2014(10):Cd010156. Higher plasma concentrations achieved via intravenous vitamin C administration are comparable to those that are toxic to cancer cells in culture. Br J Nutr. 2009;20(4):863-871. Comparison of the absorption and excretion of three commercially available sources of vitamin C. J Am Diet Assoc. J Urol. Depletion-repletion pharmacokinetic experiments demonstrated that plasma vitamin C concentration is tightly controlled by three primary mechanisms: intestinal absorption, tissue transport, and renal reabsorption (22). Symptoms of vitamin C deficiency, such as poor wound healing and lethargy, likely result from the impairment of these vitamin C-dependent enzymatic reactions leading to the insufficient synthesis of collagen, carnitine, and catecholamines (see Deficiency). (PubMed), 140. Neutrophils, mononuclear phagocytes, and lymphocytes accumulate vitamin C to high concentrations, which can protect these cell types from oxidative damage(12-14). Ye Y, Li J, Yuan Z. One trial found that vitamin C supplementation (1 g/day) for 14 weeks reduced the risk of asthma attacks precipitated by respiratory infection. Vitamin C intake, circulating vitamin C and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. 3rd ed. Arthritis Rheum. Effect of high dose vitamin C on urinary oxalate levels. There is no scientific evidence that large amounts of vitamin C (up to 10 grams [g]/day in adults) exert any adverse or toxic effects. 1994;35(3):317-322. Bowman GL, Dodge H, Frei B, et al. In this case, vitamin C is esterified to the saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid, resulting in a fat-soluble form of vitamin C. Ascorbyl palmitate has been added to a number of skin creams due to interest in its antioxidant properties, as well as its importance in collagen synthesis (see the separate article, Vitamin C and Skin Health) (188). With respect to vitamin C and cerebrovascular disease, a prospective cohort study that followed more than 2,000 residents of a rural Japanese community for 20 years found that the risk of stroke in those with the highest serum concentrations of vitamin C was 29% lower than in those with the lowest serum concentrations of vitamin C (57). PDF THE COLLAGEN CONNECTION - LINUS PAULING - Vitamin C Balogun OO, da Silva Lopes K, Ota E, et al. Oregon State University, Updated in December 2004 by: (PubMed), 23. PaulingTherapy.com - Reversing Heart Disease w/o Drugs Plasma ascorbic acid concentrations relate inversely to blood pressure in human subjects. (PubMed), 104. Mathew MC, Ervin AM, Tao J, Davis RM. J Alzheimers Dis. Liability for individual actions or omissions based upon the contents of this site is expressly disclaimed. (PubMed), 144. Aspirin can impair vitamin C status if taken frequently (201). Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 2000:95-185. Higher doses (>500 mg) result in fractionally less vitamin C being absorbed as the dose increases. Finally, mutations in genes coding for vitamin C-dependent TET demethylases, mutations that are common in cancer cells, may also contribute to resistance to vitamin C treatment (165). Potentiation of in vitro and in vivo lymphocyte responses. Oregon State University, Updated in September 2003 by: Vitamin C in health and disease. I've never used his regimen in this regard, but it should help. Linus Pauling Heart Disease Prevention with Vitamin C Vitamin C supplementation in pregnancy. It is not known whether supplemental vitamin C could improve markers of glycemic control in subjects at risk of diabetes. (PubMed), 3 Camarena V, Wang G. The epigenetic role of vitamin C in health and disease. Hammoud AO, Bujold E, Sorokin Y, Schild C, Krapp M, Baumann P. Smoking in pregnancy revisited: findings from a large population-based study. 2010;341:c4229. 201. Myint PK, Luben RN, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. Scurvy is rare in developed countries because it can be prevented by as little as 10 mg of vitamin C daily (32). (PubMed), 40. Cholesterol and the Linus Pauling Therapy - healingwell.com Food Nutr Res. (PubMed), 181. Linus Pauling Institute Carr AC, Pullar JM, Bozonet SM, Vissers MC. People with impaired kidney function may be at risk for aluminum toxicity when supplemental vitamin C is taken at the same time as these compounds (200, 201). 2009;29(3):809-815. Prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the US general population: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2008. Ohno S, Ohno Y, Suzuki N, Soma G, Inoue M. High-dose vitamin C (ascorbic acid) therapy in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer. 2001;21(3):235-237. (PubMed), 203. Supplemental Forms | Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University Am J Clin Nutr. Am J Clin Nutr. (PubMed), 156. The distribution of ascorbic acid between various cellular components of blood, in normal individuals, and its relation to the plasma concentration. In the Vitamins and Lifestyle Study, 77,719men and women (ages 50-76 years) were questioned at baseline on their use of dietary supplements during the previous 10 years (124). (PubMed), 74. (PubMed), 168. 2007;73(4):710-719. 2013(10):Cd010391. (PubMed), 166. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Pauling L. Vitamin C therapy and advanced cancer (letter). (PubMed), 83. No association between dietary or supplemental intake of vitamin C and mortality was found after approximately 14 years of follow-up. Arthritis Res Ther. Lagowska-Lenard M, Stelmasiak Z, Bartosik-Psujek H. Influence of vitamin C on markers of oxidative stress in the earliest period of ischemic stroke. Levine M, Padayatty SJ. Harding AH, Wareham NJ, Bingham SA, et al. 2013;9(1):46. The measurement of brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is often used as a functional marker of endothelial function; FMD values are inversely correlated with the risk of future cardiovascular events (38). Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Carr AC, Frei B. Age-related decline of sodium-dependent ascorbic acid transport in isolated rat hepatocytes. Relationship of ascorbic acid to blood lead levels. Interestingly, there was no relationship between diet score and risk of hypertension in those with the lowest plasma vitamin C, and plasma vitamin C was positively associated with risk of hypertension in those with low diet scores (44). Linus Pauling Institute (PubMed), 66. Synthetic or food-derived vitamin C--are they equally bioavailable? 2014;3(2):45-54. 2004;140(7):533-537. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. These products are all Lp (a) binding inhibitors. Early Hum Dev. Vitamin C also limited endothelial dysfunction that was experimentally induced in healthy volunteers (39). Pauling Recommendation | Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University Specifically, the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study collected data on dietary and supplemental vitamin C intake every four years in 45,619 male health professionals (ages 40-75 years) (198). Br J Nutr. Heart Disease Vitamin C and Linus Pauling by Jeffrey Dach MD Most (~80%) cerebrovascular events in high-income countries are ischemic in nature and associated with atherosclerosis as an underlying condition (55, 56). The recommended intake for smokers is 35 mg/day higher than for nonsmokers, because smokers are under increased oxidative stress from the toxins in cigarette smoke and generally have lower blood concentrations of vitamin C (36). (PubMed), 51. 2014;53(5):1255-1262. J Am Coll Nutr. Another pilot multicenter trial found better lung function during the first week of life and lower risk of wheezing through one year of age in infants whose smoking mothers were randomized to receive vitamin C (500 mg/day) rather than a placebo during pregnancy (95). (PubMed), 65. Levy AP, Friedenberg P, Lotan R, et al. Zhu Y, Pandya BJ, Choi HK. Antioxid Redox Signal. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc.; 1994:1139-1193. (PubMed), 34. (PubMed), 13. 2010;126(6):1504-1512. The role of increased oxidative stress in the occurrence of vascular complications in subjects with diabetes has led to hypothesis that higher intakes of antioxidant nutrients could help lower the risk of CVD in diabetic subjects (144). Int J Vitam Nutr Res. The effectiveness of antioxidant vitamins C and E in reducing myocardial infarct size in patients subjected to percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PREVEC Trial): study protocol for a pilot randomized double-blind controlled trial. (PubMed), 161. (PubMed), 101. Most experimental and clinical research uses ascorbic acid or its sodium salt, called sodium ascorbate. (PubMed), 106. Individuals on anticoagulants should limit their vitamin C intake to <1 g/day and have their prothrombin time monitored by the clinician following their anticoagulant therapy (200). Calcium in this form appears to be reasonably well absorbed. Lassnigg A, Punz A, Barker R, et al. He explained that two-time Nobel Prize winner Linus Pauling had given vitamin C a "bad name." In the 3 government's eyes, he was too vocal about its benefits. The confirming scientific experiments of Dr. Pauling were published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (1990, Vol 87, pgs 6204-6207) and Dr. Pauling was . A much larger study of 19,578 people, including 4,214 children from 6 to 16 years of age, found higher serum vitamin C concentrations to be associated with significantly lower blood lead concentrations (182). Overall, evidence suggesting specific drugs can lower blood vitamin C concentrations in humans is limited. Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) is a potent reducing agent, meaning that it readily donates electrons to recipient molecules (Figure 1). 2003;170(2 Pt 1):397-401. 1976;84B(5):280-284. 2011;26(3):309-318. 2004;27(4):925-930. Effect of oral vitamin C supplementation on serum uric acid: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
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