changed through the years and because the sizeable number of large farms must have resulted in 38% of what the colored population had been 100 years before.) A., 34 slaves, Harris page 2o2B, PERSON, Willie M., 31 slaves, Franklinton page 182, PIERCE?, Archd. The 1860 population was 6,727, according to the U.S. Federal Census, excluding the enslaved. Furthermore, the constant use of racially-charged language to describe African Ancestors will bring the often-oppressive environment to life, easily discouraging sensitive researchers. WebAs a result of the Union victory in the Civil War and the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution (1865), nearly four million slaves were freed. If your ancestor does not appear in the 1850 or 1860 censuses, it is quite likely that he or she was enslaved during this time.Only by researching the owners records will you be able to locate information on your ancestor. Also available Available on Ancestry.com. But many historians approached that data very skeptically. WebIn 1790, almost 51,000 people were enslaved in that county. P., 45 slaves, Harris page 208, WILLIAMSON, Tempie? This interactive map and the Census data on which it is based can hardly show most of what should be known about slavery. ELLIOTT: Well, we decided to dig deeper by asking Richard Sutch and Susan Carter what caused such a rapid rise in literacy rates after the Civil War. The population numbers from the 1860 census are shown below. WebThe 1870 census was the first census to provide detailed information on the African American population, only five years after the culmination of the Civil War when slaves Type of taxes paid also indicate occupation and wealth. The map extends from the first Census in 1790 to the Census taken in 1860 on the eve of the Civil War. Once located, you will notice that some very important information is missing: the census does not report the relationship of individuals to the head of household. However, the first consideration in accessing records is provenance, that is, the agency or person creating the document. The invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 changed the situation, and thereafter cotton culture created a huge demand for slaves, especially after the opening of the New South (Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas). This animation shows the free African American population from 1790 to 1860. If you find your ancestor by name in both census years, identified as a free African American, you are quite likely to be able to locate additional county records to provide more information. such age enumerated, out of a total of 3,950,546 slaves. According to U.S. Census data, the 1860 Franklin Though the census schedules speak in terms of "slave owners", the transcriber has chosen to use the County? transcription includes 104 slaveholders who held 20 or more slaves in Franklin County, We can be contacted at wiki@genealogicalstudies.com. Gold Coast: Cte d'Ivoire, Ghana Illiteracy rates among the non-white population fell from 80 percent in 1870 to just 30 percent in 1910. The records of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands are voluminous, focusing primarily on African Americans in the southern states. during that time, and were therefore possible places of relocation for colored persons from And then the amazing thing is that if you follow the families from census to census, you find that the adults are ultimately becoming literate probably because their children, who had learned how to read and write in school, were going home and teaching their parents what they had learned themselves. Also available on Ancestry.com. Manuscript collections are searchable in the book (GIL) catalog. Slaves were enumerated in 1860 without giving their names, only their sex and age And what they found was not that the Tuskegee figures were wrong, but that the Tuskegee figures were essentially correct, and this amazed some people because the Tuskegee figures were showing that there were as many as 120, 150 lynchings per year in the southern United States. WebThe 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and slaveholders. census. The transcriber did not notice any such slaves in the course of 1850 Slave Schedule 833 slave owners; 4,349 Black slaves; 574 Mulatto enumerated as free in 1860, with about half of those living in the southern States. Ga. Under subjects, there are headings such as Negroes, Reconstruction, Ku Klux Klan, and Tunis CampbellBlack Legislator. These records contain both secondary and primary material. The 1880 census does not contain nearly as much detail as those of the twentieth century. You are the visitor to this page. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information. for such named slaves, did not notice any such information while doing this transcription, except A banner on the map proclaims that it was "sold for the benefit of the Sick and Wounded Soldiers of the U.S. Some states also produced their own state censuses in the period between the surviving 1880 and 1900 federal censuses. There were 4 million enslaved people counted in the 1860 Linking names of plantations in this County with the names of the large holders on this list should not be a difficult research WebAfter the Civil War, the decennial census questionnaires were reordered and redesigned to account for end of the "slave questionnaire." accounting for 4,162 slaves, or about 59% of the County total. Terms of Use Adjutant Generals Office (RG 22) Georgia Army National Guard Miscellaneous Records, RG 22-1-10 [Note: These records are scattered throughout this section and do not appear in one single folder.] on African Americans in the 1870 census was obtained using Heritage Quest's CD "African-Americans in the 1870 U.S. of the most slaves with the least amount of transcription work. of that County on which they were listed. J., 90 slaves, Harris page 216B, BRODIE, Samuel, 34 slaves, Harris page 214B, CLIFTON, T. T., 24 slaves, Harris page 220, COOK, Jones?, 42 slaves, Galloway page 187B, COOLEY, Jacob, 25 slaves, Dunns page 178B, COPPEDGE, Wm. The Freedmans Bank records provide easily-accessible information, often identifying multiple generations of family members and even the names of the slave owner and plantations of former slaves. Negroeswas about 1.7 times more than what the colored population had been 100 years Published information giving names of slaveholders and numbers of slaves held is Bight of Biafra: Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria available through Heritage Quest at http://www.heritagequest.com/ . and living in County), WILLIAMS, 28865, 2061, 54, 2969, 1967, 53. In comparing census data for different years, the transcriber did not consider any But some of these questions can only be answered quantitatively. Census data for 1860 was obtained from the Historical United States Census Data Browser, which is a very Digests after about 1930 may not include African-Americans who do not own real property. So once people were free, they had an enormous thirst for education, and what happened was that their demand for learning was met in part by a number of school teachers who came from the North to set up schools in the South to teach the freedmen. Estimates of the number of former slaves who As Abraham Lincoln put it in is 1858 "House Divided" speech: "Either the opponents of slavery, will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push it forward, till it shall become alike lawful in all the States, old as well as new, North as well as South.". If the surname is found, they can then view the census, because published indexes almost always do not include the slave census. To learn more about this course or other courses available from the Institute, see our website. Slavery, by the Numbers - The Root colored persons from Edgefield County, included the following: Georgia, up 80,000 (17%); Texas, up 70,000 (38%); About two-thirds of all slaves shipped across the Atlantic ended up in sugar colonies. of justice and legality of claims of ownership need not be addressed in this transcription. Cotton could be grown profitably on smaller plots than could sugar, with the result that in 1860 the average cotton plantation had only about 35 slaves, not all of whom produced cotton. 15,653 whites, 173 "free colored" and 24,060 slaves. The total number of slaves in the eastern seaboard states did, however, grow slowly over time, but not at anything like the rate of growth for free people in the North. WebThe 1870 census: the first after emancipation As the 1860 federal census preceded the end of slavery in 1864-1865, the 1870 federal census is extremely important to African About Us | Contact Us | Copyright | Report Inappropriate Material That's a lynching every week, more than once a week. S.?, 42 slaves, Harris page 211, FOSTER, Elizabeth, 50 slaves, Harris page 211B, FOSTER, Mariah, 24 slaves, Harris page 204, GILL, Robert, 24 slaves, Harris page 212B, GREEN, Dr. Due to variable film quality, handwriting Researching the late nineteenth century, from Reconstruction immediately following the Civil War to the eve of the twentieth century, can be both a blessing and a curse for many African American families. listed as having 15,993 whites, about a 2.5 times increase, while the 1960 total of 12,718 Below you can see two animations comparing the density of the slave population and the density of the total population (keep in mind that the scales are different). addressed in this transcription. The process of publication of slaveholder names beginning with larger slaveholders will enable naming of the holders Surname matching of Cookie Settings, preaching and shouting at a religious gathering, National Historical Geographic Information System], Five Places Where You Can Still Find Gold in the United States, Scientists Taught Pet Parrots to Video Call Each Otherand the Birds Loved It, Balto's DNA Provides a New Look at the Intrepid Sled Dog, The Science of California's 'Super Bloom,' Visible From Space, What We're Still Learning About Rosalind Franklins Unheralded Brilliance. Church minutes usually list members, and often indicate race and legal status (free or slave). Estimates of the number of former slaves Slavery separate list of the surnames of the holders with information on numbers of African Americans on the 1870 census who were No release date given in the source. But Deyle writes that "between 60 and 70 percent of these individuals were transported via the interregional slave trade. Freedmens Education in Virginia These families may have moved between 1865 and 1880, or they may have been forcefully moved through the migration of slave owners. M205. 1522: A major slave rebellion breaks out on the island of Hispaniola. Newspapers: There are a variety of newspapers available, arranged by city of publication, county of publication, and title of the newspaper. Available for 11 counties: Camden, Columbia, Elbert, Franklin, Jackson, Morgan, Oglethorpe, Pulaski, Richmond, Warren, and Wilkes. 25,000 (127%); and Kansas up from 265 to 17,000 (6,400%). Accuracy and availability may vary. (Georgia Archives Microfilm #231/1-5) This microfilm publication reproduces the seven volumes (eight bound parts) of records compiled for publication by the Colored Troops Division of the Adjutant Generals Office. Sutch and Carter tell Debbie Elliott what numbers reveal about literacy among freed slaves and the frequency of lynchings in the South. American ancestor with one of these surnames is found on the 1870 census, then making the link J., 24 slaves, Harris page 203, THOMAS, Thos K., 27 slaves, Harris page 200, WEBB, Wilson D., 24 slaves, Harris page 197B, WILDER, Rueben, 32 slaves, Franklinton page 183, WILLIAMS, Archd. Georgia Archives File II Counties, Subjects, and Name,s RG 4-2-46. Even worse, during this period, many African Americanssome using surnames for the very first timechanged their surnames once or even several times. before.). Around 1800 about half the population of Brazil consisted of slaves, but that percentage declined to about 33 percent in 1850 and to 15 percent after the shutting off of imports around 1850 combined with free immigration to raise the proportion of Europeans. The free white population in the North grew in already settled places and spread to the West. Most notable in this collection are the WPA surveys of cemeteries, church records, county records, various publications, manuscript collections and the surveys of other states. further research by those seeking to make connections between slaves and holders. As historian Susan Schulten has shown, this particular map was created by a federal government agency from statistics gathered by the Census. Federal Records that Help Identify Former So at the 1870 census a black man who reported he could not read or write by 1880 was now reporting that he could read and write. census was enumerated. 500-999 acres. enumerated, out of a total of 3,950,546 slaves, and the transcriber, though not specifically looking A striking way to see the importance of slavery is to look at a map of the total free population: a photo negative, if you will, of slavery. Census: Slave Schedules, Black or Mulatto, Colored, Notable Kentucky African Americans Database, accessed May 1, 2023, https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2369. Initially the islands often were settled as well by numerous indentured labourers and other Europeans, but following the triumph after 1645 of the sugar revolution (initially undertaken because superior Virginia
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