Razkr 25/42:4 (8 November 1962); Shamsi repeated his resignation with the same result at an ITHS Council meeting in Rawalpindi in August 1964, at that time ordered by S. Muhammad Dihlavi himself to stay in office (Razkr 27/2728:5; 18 September 1964). When he was finally obliged to accept Rs. Naturally, nothing was done in these months to implement the promises given to the Shias. Allama Sayyed Imdad Husayn Kazmi al-Mashadi - Pakistani Shi'a scholar who wrote tafsir of Qur'an (Qur'an ul-Mubeen, This page was last edited on 1 May 2023, at 12:33. His most effective way of mobilising support was frequent tours to centres of Shia presence throughout Pakistan, which he kept up almost until his death in 1971. Therefore we want that both Shia and Sunni children receive religious instruction of their own so that the pupils can become fully acquainted with their mazhab and its requirements171Close and become true Muslims in that way For example, at the Aligarh University there are separate branches for Shia and Sunni dnyt and separate congregational prayers for both sects 172Close, The second issue is concerning the Shia auqf The government has passed laws to prevent their misuse by mutawalls and administrators. The reference is to the last three journals mentioned in Fn 308 (see above). President Iskandar Mirza, whose political manoeuvring had heavily contributed to the failure of parliamentary democracy in the years after the enactment of Pakistans first constitution,1Close had abrogated that constitution and imposed martial law on 7 October. This new practice, which has been applied ever since in Pakistan,316Close was ostensibly a balanced precautionary measure against sectarian strife. To counter all these challenges, it would have been necessary that the ulam of all sects would unite to preserve Islam in the Islamic country. ),238Close they were able to dispense with the Secondary Board altogether starting from 1962 and organise all kinds of exams themselves.239Close. He insisted that merely correcting some textbooks would be no substitute for separate dnyt, and that azdr would not only concern the local authorities, but rather the government would have to make a clear statement in favour of freedom of religious practice as guaranteed by the constitution. In a series of articles published in al-Muballigh under the title Islh ul-majlis wal-mahfil over one year he elaborated on the benefits of majlis which were conducted properly, but denied most of the majlis which were regularly held by Shia communities all over Pakistan any status of religious worship (ibdat).264Close His principal argument was that , No act can be termed worship as long as it is not performed with purity of intention (khuls-i nyat), i.e. So if we have nothing to do with Islam, if we flee from acting on the orders of God, then we are certainly enemies of the goals of Husain and lovers of the acts of Yazid. Dispersion and disunity are a deadly poison for our demands and an unforgivable crime. It is a pity and even inhuman that such people have the right to call themselves zkir-i ahl-i bait. Dihlavi also dismissed as insufficient an announcement from the Governor that a Shia representative would soon be included in the Waqf Administration Board.190Close Muzaffar Ali Shamsi, for his part, had lauded that announcement, and on 12 November it was his turn to be received by Ayub Khan with a delegation of Shia leaders.191Close These were only the first in a series of attempts by both Qizilbash and Shamsi to circumvent the emerging new Shia leadership and take credit themselves for any concessions offered by the government. Shortly after an independent branch of the ITHS was set up in Karachi; see also section 4.5, p. 138. One early example of open defiance of the orders quoted above was the publication of the book, S. Abid Husain, the head of a branch of the Shah Jiwna, A good account of Ayub Khans attitude towards the religious leaders is given, Among the tasks of the commission were named to examine the progressive failure of parliamentary government in Pakistan and to determine the causes and the nature of the failure; see, See Articles 1012 on freedom of religion of Part II (Fundamental Rights) in, They were also blamed for indulging in mutual rivalries; see, Muzaffar Ali Shamsi was later reviled for having publicly insulted and threatened Hafiz Kifayat Husain; see, Interview with the author, 6 January 2001, See his keynote speech at the 1961 ITHS convention in. S. Mushtaq Husain Naqvi and Muhammad Siddiq gave details of such problems in Multan and Lahore in Razkr 29/22:1, 3 (1 June 1966); see also Razkr 29/40:3 (16 October 1966); 30/3:3 (16 January 1967). Her first attempt towards a successful career started through an ad campaign for one the famous cellular service providers; MOBILINK, in which her first appearance was there all across the billboards in Pakistan. List of contemporary Islamic scholars - Wikipedia . Such incidents happened not only in Lahore, Khairpur and Narowal, but in some other places too, even if it was not mentioned in the press. Razkr 27/29:8 (16 September 1964); see section 4.1, p. 107, and Fn 47 to chapter 4, p. 387. Such doctrines centred around a number of superhuman qualities attributed to the ahl al-bait, such as their creation from light instead of earth, their omnipresence and omniscience and the delegation of some of Gods powers to them (tafwz), as well as some forms of reverence for them in religious practice, like the inclusion of Al walyullh in the call for prayer, the expression Y Al madad for greeting and seeking the help of the Imams in prayers (istimdd).255Close The professional preachers were accused of spreading such doctrines among the Shia awm for the sake of popularity, because it flattered the self-esteem of the ordinary Shia believers to have the highest possible notions of their Imams powers. 17677.). Razkr 31/4243:3 (1624 November 1968). On that occasion, Mushtaq Husain pressed fervently for more radical steps to achieve the objectives of the movement, and it was decided to start country-wide agitation from 1 November if the government would not yield to the Shia demands by 1 October, including the appointment of commissions necessary for implementation.386Close, In the following four months a fierce propaganda campaign was waged by the SMCs, directed against the traitors of Lahore as much as against the temporising of the government. Therefore we request for a last time from the government to accept our un-political, religious and constitutional demands within three months. This wave of mobilisation was entirely indigenous and more successful than all former or later campaigns for the sake of Shia equal rights during more than six decades of Pakistans history, although the concessions gained in late 1968 took some more years to be implemented and were later gradually revoked. August 1963 (Razkr 26/32:3). Born into Sunni family, in his early teens, he attended religious institution headed by his father. The 1953 All-Pakistan Shia Convention had been held at the same premises, see section 3.2, pp. the school of thought which believes in tafwz. 13335. Lists of newly founded SMCs were regularly published in Razkr since early 1966; the series continued until November 1967. 4245. Mufti Mahmud (190980) was born in a village near Dera Ismail Khan (NWFP) and graduated from different Deobandi dn madris in Northern India until 1941. al-Muballigh 10/34:76. Razkr 28/29:3 (1 August 1965) contains the first reference to the term. Ayub Khan himself had made clear his aversion against any political role for the Mullahs from the start of his rule,23Close and he did not shrink back from antagonising the religious lobby in order to implement some secularist reforms. Regarding its reference to Sunni settlements or quarters (bd), it must be kept in mind that most Shias of Pakistan lived scattered in Sunni majority areas.81Close The admission that many ignorant Sunnis had got used to the Shia ceremonieswhich was obvious from the active participation of numerous Sunnis in Muharram processions until some decades ago82Closewas also revealing: it was precisely that normalcy in sharing religious traditions with the Shias which some Sunni zealots wanted to destroy at all cost in order to revive what they considered the purity of their faith. al-Muballigh 3/12:23 (January 1960); Supplement to al-Muballigh 5/2, p. 6 (March 1961). On Mian Ghulam Qadir see also Mujeeb Ahmad, Jamiyyat Ulama-i-Pakistan, pp. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. At the same time the western habit of unveiling [of women] (be-pardag) has spread like a plague in our society. Ibid., p. 278; see also sections 3.5 and 4.2, passim. 1 read: S. Muhammad Dihlavi was elected leader by the ulam, and all Shia organ-isations and individuals have accepted him as their leader; so did this only representative meeting of the Shias this meeting regards those few persons who are censuring such a sound (musallam) leader directly or indirectly because of their personal interests, and those journals who are still following the old line,329Close with disgust and considers them enemies and traitors not only of the Shia demands, but of the [whole] Shia qaum. Razkr 31/26:4+5 (16 July 1968). On Dhakko see Naqvi, Tazkira, pp. ed., pp. Since 1959 only one official holiday was left in Muharram, which was generally considered insufficient to observe azdr in the customary way.74Close In Lahore, where the largest azdr processions of the country were led out traditionally, these were banned in 1961 and permitted in the following year only after some new restrictions had been imposed.75Close In Narowal a number of Shias were arrested in August 1961 for defying a ban on Chihlum processions.76Close Nevertheless Shias were by and large satisfied with the policy of the martial law government regarding the sectarian problem. 4323. Professions of loyalty to the government and the country as expressed above would be repeated regularly by S. Muhammad Dihlavi and his supporters during the coming years together with the Shia demands. The murder of Syed Ali Raza Abidi highlighted for the umpteenth time that Shia Muslims in Pakistan continue to face a slow motion genocide. On top of such hot-heads was S. Mushtaq Husain Naqvi (19132000), a muhjir from Gurgaon District near Delhi who had settled in Multan after 1947 and earned fame as a popular orator, whose support was sought from candidates during elections.198Close Mushtaq Husain became a relentless campaigner for S. Muhammad Dihlavis movement and against the so-called traitors of Lahoremainly Qizilbash, the APSC Secretary-General Shaiq Ambalvi, and Muzaffar Ali Shamsiin the years after 1964. From January 1966 onwards a number of appeals appeared in Shia journals calling for the formation of SMCs in every town, district and village with a noteworthy Shia presence, which should then establish contact with S. Muhammad Dihlavi in Karachi.308Close One especially sentimental appeal was published by the SMC Lahore in Razkr. On some early preachers of Shaikhiya doctrines in British India see Naqvi, Controversy, pp. Already in the second half of 1965, the supporters of S. Muhammad Dihlavi had set up Shia Mutlabt Committees (SMCs) in a number of towns and districts.307Close Faced with the permanent rivalry between the APSC and the ITHS, and the obstacles which some leading figures of both organ-isations put in the way of his movement out of sheer jealousy, Dihlavi in early 1966 decided to elevate the SMC to a new countrywide organisation of its own, completely sidelining the APSC and ITHS. Mutual polemics between Shaiq Ambalvi and Muhammad Siddiq, the editor of Razkr, were frequent in their respective editorials throughout the following decade. This seems to be an error; the relevant article in the 1956 constitution was No. One effect of the October 1958 events was to remove some Shia individuals from the highest positions of power. He complained, among other things, about the obligation for Sunnis to keep their shops open during the Muharram processions, about their greatly increased number since 1947,106Close and that Shias were allegedly abusing the sahba with impunity at their majlis throughout the year.107Close In reply to some questions from the Shia advocate Khaqan Babar, Ghulam Qadir said: Pakistan was achieved in the name of Islam. Agitation started at numerous places, and a session of the SMC Working Committee was scheduled in Lahore on 34 June to discuss further steps. He submitted a written memorandum,192Close reminding the president of the very reasonable demands of the Karachi Convention and of former meetings of Shia representatives with himself, the Governor of West-Pakistan and the Secretary of Education. Razkr 30/11:3 (16 March 1967). Actress and model, Humaima Malick is also one of the most famous celebrities who are Shia Muslims. They were submitted to the government for further studying, and Dihlavi in a message of late August confined himself to assuring that the board had met in a good atmosphere and details about its recommendations would be published after their approval by the government. Razkr 26/4:1+5 (24 January 1963); 26/5:23 (1 February 1963). This was denied emphatically by Mirza Yusuf Husain and by S. Muhammad Dihlavi himself,196Close who issued an immediate clarification in the Shia press: first, presidential elections were a political question, and the rules of a fatw would not apply to them; every Shia had complete freedom in that matter. See section 4.1, p. 106. Tawall means friendship with the friends of Muhammad and his family, whereas tabarr means to show that one has nothing to do (l-taalluq k izhr karn) with the enemies of Muhammad and his family , The way of the Sunnis is not to interfere with the mutual rivalries of the great religious figures, but rather to remain silent about these quite to the opposite, the way of the Shias is not to consider those persons or parties which have opposed Muhammad and his family as having been right, and hence to show that they have nothing to do with them , Nobody can change historical facts. This list may not reflect recent changes. A number of rejoinders were written against it, notably from two leading ulam of Jhang, S. Zamr ul-Hasan Najafi259Close and S. Muhammad Arif Naqvi.260Close The main accusation made against Dhakko was that he was belittling the status of the Imams, and the derogatory terms muqassir261Close and qashr ulam262Close were coined for Dhakko and his supporters. 14144; Dogar, Mauln Muhammad Husain Dhakko s 150 sul, pp. Razkr 31/4243:1+2 (1624 November 1958). He is making allusions to the way the Auqaf Department made use of the income of auqf for its own purposes; see Malik, Islamisierung, pp. The relative calm on the sectarian front in the years from 1959 to 1962 had gone along with some curtailing of Shia religious life, too. Even if they do not become Shias entirely, they are surely becoming half-Shias gradually. Both he and Qizilbash would be attacked years later for their alleged silence regarding the Muharram 1963 events; see Razkr 36/3031:5 (816 August 1972); 26/45:1 (1 December 1972). The clear objective was to make the Shias afraid, so that they will refrain from performing these ceremonies. Supplements to Razkr 30/28 and 30/29 (24 July and 8 August 1967); see also Mushtaq Husains commentary in Razkr 30/43:3 (16 November 1967). 17075. His stay closed with a large public gathering at Karbal-i Gme Shh.170Close At a press conference on 29 February, S. Muhammad Dihlavi gave a comprehensive account of the three demands and their implications (excerpts): After the foundation of Pakistan the Muslims had merely understood that their goal had been achieved and they would be free to do what they liked. Shaukat Ali, Pakistan, pp. On 10 February the West Pakistan Minister of Interior, Qazi Fazlallah, was dispatched to Hyderabad to negotiate with the SMC Working Committee. 166, 16970. the Shias must not invite such ulam and zkirs to their majlis and mahfil who oppose the [three] demands or do not support them or declare their neutrality 331Close, Other resolutions concerned some specific demands and complaints from the authorities.332Close The call for immediate acceptance of the three demands (Resolution No. According to him, they had considered the Shias of Pakistan a gold-mine, from which they served themselves with both hands, but they had done nothing for promoting the training of much-needed pesh-namz and ulam for performing other religious functions.277Close Such a claim was surely exaggerated, considering that the said ulam and some other opponents of Dhakko had themselves contributed to the founding of dn madris,278Close but it was not altogether wrong. Quoted from Pakistan Times, 2 November 1968. 19, 25). Among them were the ulam Khwaja Muhammad Latif Ansari, Hafiz Saifullah and Nsir Husain; the latter two were sentenced to 6 months of prison each (ibid.). On 1112 February 1967 more than 6,000 Shias gathered around the Immbrgh-i Shh-i Karbal of the Rizvia Colony (Karachi) for an All-Pakistan Shia Mutlabt Workers Convention.344Close By that time, more than 200 SMCs of different size had been established all over Pakistan.345Close S. Mushtaq Husain Naqvi, who had become Central Organising Secretary of the SMC since the 1966 Multan Convention,346Close won support for a resolution containing the following ultimatum: during the last three years, the Shias of Pakistan have presented their demands to the government through all kinds of constitutional, peaceful and legal ways, but they have not been paid any attention and [new] obstacles were created. It incorporated Ayub Khans Basic Democratswho elected a new National Assembly in April 1962and introduced a presidential system, but upheld all safeguards for minorities included in the 1956 constitution in almost identical wording.47Close One of its new elements was the creation of the Islamic Advisory Council (Majlis-i Mushwarat-i Islm), later renamed the (Advisory) Council of Islamic Ideology (CII).48Close The Council represented an attempt to integrate the reform-minded elements of the religious elite in order to provide Islamic legitimacy to basically secularist and nationalist policies.49Close Assisted by a newly established Islamic Research Institute,50Close it was to work out recommendations on the proper application of injunctions of Islam in legislation and general policies, but was not given any veto powers.51Close Among its eight members appointed in August 1962 was Hafiz Kifayat Husain,52Close who could contribute to its proceedings only until March 1964 when he suffered a stroke.53Close In November 1965 he was finally replaced by Mufti Jafar Husain.54Close It was only during the latters term that recommendations of the CII were of some significance for the Shias.55Close, The years between 1959 and 1962 marked a period of crisis and gradual reorientation of Shia communal activities.
Fs19 Modhub Not Loading Xbox One,
Takedown Upper Receiver,
Why Was Martha Speaks Cancelled,
Articles F