Son of: John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster and Blanche of Lancaster. Catherine (1372-1418), married King Henry III of Castile (1379-1406) He took charge of the siege operations and at one point engaged in hand-to-hand fighting in the undermining tunnels. 3 (11thed.). Exercising his first command, John dared not attack such a superior force and the two armies faced each other across a marsh for several weeks until the English were reinforced by the Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, at which the French withdrew without offering battle. Alison Weir dispels the myth of a scheming enchantress and reveals her to be a most influential figure of the 14th century . John of Gaunt Famous Kin (3815) John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, 1st Earl of Richmond - Geni John invested the town for four days in October, but he was losing so many men to dysentery and bubonic plague that he decided to abandon the siege and return to Calais. He was the third surviving son of King Edward III of England, and the father of King Henry IV. Although Philippa died c. 1387, the men were bound as brothers and Lancaster's children by Katherine - John, Henry, Thomas and Joan Beaufort - were Chaucer's nephews and niece. George Washington Family Group | John of Gaunt - Famous Kin He was an MP for Somerset and Devon. The term Gaunt, a corruption of the name of his birthplace, Ghent, was never employed after he was three years old; it became the popularly accepted form of his name through its use in Shakespeares play Richard II. John of Gaunt is a character in William Shakespeare's play Richard II. As a son of the sovereign, John bore the royal arms of the kingdom (Quarterly, France Ancient and England), differenced by a label of three points ermine. After the death in 1376 of his older brother Edward of Woodstock (also known as the "Black Prince"), John of Gaunt contrived to protect the religious reformer John Wycliffe, possibly to counteract the growing secular power of the church. They had seven children; only three survived to adulthood. When Edward III died in 1377 and John's ten-year-old nephew succeeded as Richard II of England, John's influence strengthened. [3] Biography . John of Gaunt: key dates & facts Born: March 1340, Abbey of Saint Bavon in Ghent Died: 3 February 1399, Leicester, age 58 Parents: King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault Known for: Third surviving son of King Edward III, and a commander in the Hundred Years' War. John of Gaunt, First Duke of Lancaster: Biography & Family Tree When he became unpopular later in life, a scurrilous rumour circulated, along with lampoons, claiming that he was actually the son of a Ghent butcher. Ancestor charts showing the family relationships of John of Gaunt (1340-1399) to other famous people. The House of Beaufort adopted various heraldic or quasi-heraldic symbols, badges or cognisances. His first wife, Blanche of Lancaster, was also his third cousin; both were great-great-grandchildren of King Henry III. Updates? There is, however, evidence that he may occasionally have used this second marshalling at earlier dates. [42] He thus continued to signal his alliance with the Castilian royal house, while abandoning any claim to the throne. Unlike some of Richard's unpopular advisors, John was away from London at the time of the uprising and thus avoided the direct wrath of the rebels. John is noted for his signing of the Magna Carta. Catherine of Aragon is descended from this line. From 1367 to 1374 he served as a commander in the Hundred Years War (13371453) against France. Married to: John Beaufort, Duke of Somerset; 14391444. John received the title "Duke of Lancaster" from his father on 13 November 1362. The army reached English-occupied Bordeaux on 24 December 1373, severely weakened in numbers with the loss of at least one-third of their force in action and another third to disease. Vol. He was made Earl of Richmond in September 1342. He was called "John of Gaunt" because he was born in Ghent, then rendered in English as Gaunt. Blanche (1359-1388/89), illegitimate, married Sir Thomas Morieux (1355-1387) in 1381, without issue. It may be that he felt he had to maintain this posture of loyalty to protect his son Henry Bolingbroke (the future Henry IV), who had also been one of the Lords Appellant, from Richard's wrath; but, in 1398, Richard had Bolingbroke exiled, and on John of Gaunt's death the next year he disinherited Bolingbroke completely, seizing John's vast estates for the Crown. On his return he obtained the chief influence with his father, but he had serious opponents among a group of powerful prelates who aspired to hold state offices. The Beauforts were a powerful and wealthy family from the start, and rose to greater power after their half-brother became King Henry IV in 1399, having deposed his 1st cousin King Richard II. While the envoy playfully hints to Lancaster that Chaucer would certainly appreciate a boost to his status or income, the poem Fortune distinctively shows his deep appreciation and affection for John of Gaunt. First, through his legitimate male descendants the Lancasters, and then through his debatably illegitimate descendants, by his long time mistress and then third Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset and his three elder sons (the 3rd and 4th Dukes and the Earl of Dorset), all lost their lives, leaving no legitimate male heir. When John died in 1399, Richard II confiscated the Lancastrian estates, thereby preventing them from passing to Johns son, Henry Bolingbroke. Fit for a King (or Queen): the British Royalty Quiz, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-of-Gaunt-duke-of-Lancaster, Spartacus Educational - Biography of John of Gaunt, English Monarchs - Biography of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, John of Gaunt - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). [11] Just before leaving Aquitaine, he married the Infanta Constance of Castile in September 1371 at Roquefort, near Bordeaux, Guyenne. Through his first wife, Blanche (died 1368), John, in 1362, acquired the duchy of Lancaster and the vast Lancastrian estates in England and Wales. Sick, demoralised and mutinous, the army was in no shape to defend Aquitaine, and soldiers began to desert. This four-month ride through enemy territory, evading French armies on the way, was a bold stroke that impressed contemporaries but achieved virtually nothing. As with all family trees on this website, the sources for each ancestor are listed on the family group pages so that you can personally judge the reliability of the information. Oftentimes the family trees listed as still in progress have derived from research into famous people who have a kinship to this person. By Blanche of Lancaster John returned in 1389 and resumed his role as peacemaker. Includes . The treaty was sealed by the marriage of John's eldest daughter Philippa to the Portuguese king. On 13 January 1396, two years after the death of Constance of Castile, Katherine and John of Gaunt married in Lincoln Cathedral. Blanche was the daughter of John's mistress, Marie de St. Hilaire of Hainaut (1340-after 1399), who was a lady-in-waiting to his mother, Queen Philippa. Upon arrival in Bordeaux, many more succumbed to the bubonic plague that was raging in the city. WILL: JOHN OF GAUNT, DUKE OF LANCASTER I, John, son of the King of England, Duke of Lancaster, February 3d, 1397. Through his daughter Philippa, he was grandfather of King Edward of Portugal and an ancestor of all subsequent Portuguese monarchs as well. (ed. Encyclopdia Britannica. He was buried in the Collegiate Church of the Annunciation of Our Lady of The Newarke, Leicester (the church founded by his grandfather Henry, Duke of Lancaster. Chaucer married Philippa (Pan) de Roet in 1366, and Lancaster took his mistress of nearly 30 years, Katherine Swynford (de Roet), who was Philippa Chaucer's sister, as his third wife in 1396. [41], As claimant to the throne of Castile and Len from 1372, he impaled the arms of that kingdom (Gules, a castle or, quartering Argent, a lion rampant purpure) with his own. Many deserted or abandoned the army to ride north under French safe conducts. John inherited the rest of the Lancaster property when Blanche's sister Maud, Countess of Leicester (married to William V, Count of Hainaut), died without issue on 10 April 1362. Only four months after his return to England, in March 1390, Richard II formally invested Gaunt with the Duchy of Aquitaine, thus providing him with the overseas territory he had long desired. The Beaufort Portcullis, now the symbol of the House of Commons; The heraldic colours white and blue, an old symbol of the Earls of Lancaster. Gaunt is an anglicisation of Ghent John of Gaunt was born in the abbey of Saint Bavo in Ghent, modern-day Belgium, on 6 March 1340, while his father, who had claimed the throne of France in 1337, was seeking allies against the French among the dukes and counts of the Low Countries. John was the fourth son of King Edward III of England. For my birthday, I gave my mom to friends. They married in 1359 at Reading Abbey. These included: This articleincorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. The Savoy Palace was systematically destroyed by the mob and burned to the ground. Gaunt is also generally believed to have fathered five children outside marriage: one early in life by a lady-in-waiting to his mother;[citation needed] the others, surnamed Beaufort, by Katherine Swynford, his long-term mistress and third wife. The name Beaufort refers to the estate of Montmorency-Beaufort in Champagne, France, an ancient and seemingly important possession of the House of Lancaster. Please note: The ancestor reports on this website have been compiled from thousands of different sources, many over 100 years old. During the 1390s, John's reputation of devotion to the well-being of the kingdom was largely restored. John inherited the rest of the Lancaster property when Blanche's sister Maud, Countess of Leicester (married to William V, Count of Hainaut), died without issue on 10 April 1362. [28][29] "Chaucer as narrator" openly defies Fortune, proclaiming he has learned who his enemies are through her tyranny and deceit, and declares "my suffisaunce" (15) and that "over himself hath the maystrye" (14). Illegitimate Son (legitimated in 1396) of: John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster and Katherine Swynford. Henry Beaufort, Bishop of Winchester and Cardinal (1375-1447) This is the famous portrait of John of Gaunt, thought to be a copy of one taken from life. Their children were given the surname "Beaufort" after a former French possession of the duke. The Beaufort family originated in the illegitimate issue of John of Gaunt by his then-mistress Katherine Swynford. Sometime after the death of Blanche of Lancaster in 1368 and the birth of their first son, John Beaufort, in 1373, John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford, the daughter of an ordinary knight, entered into an extra-marital love affair that would produce four children for the couple. [16] As de facto ruler during Richard's minority, he made unwise decisions on taxation that led to the Peasants' Revolt in 1381, when the rebels destroyed his home in London, the Savoy Palace. The John of Gaunt School on Wingfield Road in Trowbridge, Wiltshire,[47] is built upon land that he once owned. CODICIL TO THE SAID WILL Item. He did not even protest, it seems, when his younger brother Thomas was murdered at Richard's behest. English Royalty. A later proviso that they were specifically barred from inheriting the throne, the phrase excepta regali dignitate ("except royal status"), was inserted with dubious authority by their half-brother Henry IV. Afonso of Portugal (1390-1400) 3. The wealth she brought to the marriage was the foundation of John's fortune. (1911). John of Gaunt was a patron and close friend of the poet Geoffrey Chaucer, most famously known for his work The Canterbury Tales. Chaucer's The Book of the Duchess, also known as the Deeth of Blaunche the Duchesse,[26] was written in commemoration of Blanche of Lancaster, John of Gaunt's first wife. He is also referred to by Falstaff in Henry IV Part I. Hungerford in Berkshire has ancient links to the Duchy, the manor becoming part of John of Gaunt's estate in 1362 before James I passed ownership to two local men in 1612 (which subsequently became Town & Manor of Hungerford Charity). This page was last edited on 13 April 2023, at 16:49. Though he attempted to defend the duchy against French encroachment for nearly a year, lack of resources and money meant he could do little but husband what small territory the English still controlled, and he resigned the command in September 1371 and returned to England. "Beaufort". John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (1340-1399) 2. The Beaufort children, three sons and a daughter, were legitimised by royal and papal decrees after John and Katherine married. Family relationship of John of Gaunt and Queen Elizabeth II via John of Benjamin Harrison V: A famed American revolutionary and founding father of the United States of America. However a decree of King Henry IV in 1406 barred his legitimated half-siblings and their issue from any claim to the throne and the illegitimacy of the Somerset branch doubly bars them. From the eldest son. Katherine Swynford is best known as the mistress, and then wife, of John of Gaunt, whose whole life was riddled with scandal. The parliament of 1377 was John's counter-coup: crucially, the Lords no longer supported the Commons and John was able to have most of the acts of 1376 annulled. The arms of Castile and Len appeared on the dexter side of the shield (the left-hand side as viewed), and the differenced English royal arms on the sinister; but in 1388, when he surrendered his claim, he reversed this marshalling, placing his own arms on the dexter, and those of Castile and Len on the sinister. John Of Gaunt: Life, Facts, Children & Legacy Of The - HistoryExtra He was faced with military difficulties abroad and political divisions at home, and disagreements as to how to deal with these crises led to tensions among Gaunt, the English Parliament, and the ruling class, making him an extremely unpopular figure for a time. [18] There was organised opposition to his measures and rioting in London; John of Gaunt's arms were reversed or defaced wherever they were displayed, and protestors pasted up lampoons on his supposedly dubious birth. {{ mediasCtrl.getTitle(media, true) }} They had one daughter. Famous Descendants | Mayflower Heritage and History Through his daughter Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland, he was an ancestor of the Yorkist kings Edward IV, Edward V and Richard III. His other legitimate descendants include his daughters Queen Philippa of Portugal and Elizabeth, Duchess of Exeter (by his first wife Blanche of Lancaster), and Queen Catherine of Castile (by his second wife Constance of Castile). They married in 1359 at Reading Abbey as a part of the efforts of Edward III to arrange matches for his sons with wealthy heiresses. John married Katherine in 1396, and their children, the Beauforts, were legitimised by King Richard II and the Church, but barred from inheriting the throne. John of Gaunt was a patron and close friend of the poet Geoffrey Chaucer, best known for his work The Canterbury Tales. If I die out of London I desire that the night my body arrives there, that it be carried direct to the Friars Carmelites in Fleet Street, and the next day taken strait to St. Paul's, and that it be not buried for forty days, during which I charge my executors that there be no cering or embalming my corpse; I will that my executors pay all my debts, excepting the debts for the army, which my beloved brother the Duke of York incurred in Portugal, of which before God and all the world I hold myself free; I desire that chauntries and obits be founded for the souls of my late dear wives Blanch and Constance, whom God pardon; to the said altar of St. Paul's my vestment of satin embroidered, which I bought of Courtnay, embroider at London, certain lands and tenements in London, of which the reversion is purchased, rendering xx marks a year to Dame Katherine del Staple for her life, and I desire that during her life she be paid out of the rents of the Manor of Bernoldwyk, in the county of York; to the prisons of Newgate and Ludgate, in London C marks, to be divided between them; to my most dear wife Katherine, my two best nouches which I have, excepting that which I have allowed to my Lord and nephew the King, and my large cup of gold which the Earl of Wilts gave to the King my Lord, and which he gave me on my going into Guienne, together with all the buckles, rings, diamonds, rubies, and other things, that will be found in a little box of cypress wood, of which I carry the key myself, and all the robes which I bought of my dear cousin the Duchess of Norfolk, also my large bed of black velvet, embroidered with a circle of fetter-locks, and garters, all the beds made for my body called in England "trussing beds," my best stay with a good ruby, my best collar, all which my said wife had before her marriage with me, also all the goods and jewels which I had given her since my marriage; to my Lord and nephew the King the best nouche which I have on the day of my death, my best cup of gold which my dear wife Katherine gave me on New Year's Day last, my gold saltcellar with a garter, and the piece of arras which the Duke of Bourgoyne gave me when I was at Calais; to my dear brother the Duke of York, a gold cup and cover; to my dear son Henry, Duke of Hereford, Earl of Derby, two of the best pieces of arras, one of which was given me by my Lord and nephew the King, and the other by my dear brother the Duke of Gloucester, whom God pardon, when I lately returned from Spain, also a chain of gold of the old manner, with the name of God in each part, which my most honored Lady and mother the Queen, whom God pardon, gave me, commanding me to preserve it, with her blessing, and I desire that he will keep it with the blessing of God and mine; to my dear daughter Philippa, Queen of Portugal, my second best stay of gold, and a gold cup and cover; to my dear daughter Katherine, Queen of Castile and Leon, a gold cup and cover; to my dear daughter Elizabeth, Duchess of Exeter, my white bed of silk, with blue eagles displayed, and my best nouche after those before given; to my dear son John Beaufort, Marquis of Dorset, a dozen saucers, &c.; to the Reverend Father in God and my dear son the Bishop of Lincoln, a dozen saucers, &c. and my missal, and my portheus, which belonged to my Lord and brother the Prince of Wales, whom God preserve; to my dear son Thomas Beaufort, their brother, a dozen saucers, &c.; to my dear daughter, their sister, Countess of Westmoreland and Lady of Nevil, a silk bed, and a cup and cover of gold; to my dear Henry, eldest son of my dear son the Duke of Hereford, a gold cup; to my dear son John, brother to the said Henry, a gold cup; after all my debts are paid, and restitution made to all who have been injured by me or my servants, on my account, I desire that my executor pay to the Minister of Bury one thousand pounds; to my said wife Katherine two thousand pounds; to my said son the Duke of Hereford one thousand pounds; to my said son the Marquis one thousand pounds; to my said son Thomas Beaufort one thousand marks; "a mon tres chere bachelier" Monsr.
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