The franchise for local government elections included only rate-payers and their spouses, and so excluded over a quarter of the electorate. Two all-island bodies for the promotion of these were created under the Agreement: Foras na Gaeilge, which promotes the Irish language, and the Ulster Scots Agency, which promotes the Ulster-Scots dialect and culture. The Government of Ireland Bill 1886 and Government of Ireland Bill 1893 were defeated. (Getty Images photo). [182], Ulster Scots comprises varieties of the Scots language spoken in Northern Ireland. [84] The latter statement was key to winning support for the agreement from nationalists. The Protestant population is older and passing away and has dropped to 42%. In the border counties (Donegal, Leitrim, Cavan, Monaghan and Louth), there were instances of Protestants being intimidated by more extreme neighbours and groups, most notably the IRA. Whyte, John. Richard English, "The Interplay of Non-violent and Violent Action in Northern Ireland, 196772", in, Lord Scarman, "Violence and Civil Disturbances in Northern Ireland in 1969: Report of Tribunal of Inquiry" Belfast: HMSO, Cmd566 (known as the, Parliamentary Reports of the Parliament of Northern Ireland, Volume 20 (1937) and. Conflict between Protestants and Catholics in Ireland Northern Ireland It decided that two devolved governments should be establishedone for the nine counties of Ulster and one for the rest of Irelandtogether with a Council of Ireland for the "encouragement of Irish unity". The Council for Catholic Maintained Schools (CCMS) is the advocate for the Catholic Maintained Schools sector in Northern Ireland. Since the end of the Troubles, Northern Ireland has witnessed rising numbers of tourists. This entitlement was reaffirmed in the 1998 Good Friday Agreement between the British and Irish governments, which provides that: it is the birthright of all the people of Northern Ireland to identify themselves and be accepted as Irish or British, or both, as they may so choose, and accordingly [the two governments] confirm that their right to hold both British and Irish citizenship is accepted by both Governments and would not be affected by any future change in the status of Northern Ireland. [56] Conflict continued intermittently for two years, mostly in Belfast, which saw "savage and unprecedented" communal violence between Protestants and Catholics, including rioting, gun battles, and bombings. the Union Flag. The Slow Path to Police Reform in Northern Ireland For a native English speaker, "[Ulster Scots] is comparatively accessible, and even at its most intense can be understood fairly easily with the help of a glossary. Some 250,000 Ulster Presbyterians emigrated to the British North American colonies between 1717 and 1775. [172] The dialect of English spoken in Northern Ireland shows influence from the lowland Scots language. Census 2021: More from Catholic background in NI than Protestant The Bogsiders saw the Apprentice Boys parade as a direct provocation and prepared for a violent confrontation, barricading streets and readying Molotov cocktails. The Executive wishes to gain taxation powers from London, to align Northern Ireland's corporation tax rate with that of the Republic of Ireland. [151], In recent censuses, respondents gave their religious identity or religious upbringing as follows:[153][154][150], In Northern Ireland censuses, respondents can choose more than one national identity. This was bitterly opposed by Irish Unionists, most of whom were Protestants, who feared an Irish devolved government dominated by Irish nationalists and Catholics. In the early 20th century, the Ulster Volunteer Force - a militia dedicated to blocking Home Rule for Ireland - met on the Shankill. [226][227] People in Northern Ireland who live close to the border with the Republic of Ireland may inadvertently switch over to the Irish mobile networks, causing international roaming fees to be applied. In September 1912, more than 500,000 unionists signed the Ulster Covenant, pledging to oppose Home Rule by any means and to defy any Irish government. (National Library of Ireland on The Commons @ Flickr Commons). The RUC and the reserve Ulster Special Constabulary (USC) were militarized police forces due to the perceived threat of militant republicanism. The British troops were initially welcomed by the Catholic nationalists as potential protectors, but the military soon instituted a controversial policy of internment without trial, after which hundreds of suspected IRA members were rounded up and imprisoned without due process. [122] The New York Times has also used "the North".[123]. The cycle centres on the reign of Conchobar mac Nessa, who is said to have been the king of Ulster around the 1st century. Additionally, "in recognition of the Irish Government's special interest in Northern Ireland", the Government of Ireland and Government of the United Kingdom co-operate closely on non-devolved matters through the British-Irish Intergovernmental Conference. The march was banned by the Northern Ireland government, but protestors defied the order and gathered on October 5 with signs reading One man, one vote! and Smash sectarianism!. The significance of the Belfast Agreement of 1998", "Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey, 2008; Module:Community Relations, Variable:IRISH", "Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey, 1998; Module:Community Relations, Variable:IRISH", "Home Office Immigration & Nationality Charges 2018", "Main statistics for Northern Ireland Statistical bulletin Passports held", "Main statistics for Northern Ireland Statistical bulletin Language", "Council of Europe Charter monitoring report, 2010", "Census 2021 Main statistics for Northern Ireland Phase 2 December 2022", "Presbyterians and the Irish Language Roger Blaney (Ulster Historical Foundation/The Ultach Trust, 6.50) ISBN 0-901905-75-5". Image credit: Ronan O'Connell Stay low-key to avoid problems It includes all of the provinces of Connaught . By the late 19th century, a large and disciplined cohort of Irish Nationalist MPs at Westminster committed the Liberal Party to "Irish Home Rule"self-government for Ireland, within the United Kingdom. It was the first meeting between the two heads of government since partition. The highest level of competition within Northern Ireland are the NIFL Premiership and the NIFL Championship. Northern Ireland has more Catholics than Protestants for first time While Ireland was fully independent, Northern Ireland remained under British rule, and the Catholic communities in cities like Belfast and Derry (legally called Londonderry)complained of discrimination and unfair treatment by the Protestant-controlled government and police forces. Brexit has also activated a historic sense of betrayal on the part of the Northern Irish against Britain. Unionist areas like Tiger's Bay and Nationalist areas like the New Lodge are fine in the day but should be avoided at night. In Derry, the local chapter was known as the Apprentice Boys and they planned a patriotic loyalist parade on August 12 that ran directly past a predominantly Catholic part of town called the Bogside. This is where I start on the topic of Irish partition in my course. The 2008 survey found that 61% of Catholics described themselves as Irish, with 25% identifying as Northern Irish, 8% as British, and 1% as Ulster. The First World War led to bitter resentment against Irish republicanism in both Britain and Ulster and it made reconciliation between Irelands Catholic and Protestant communities impossible in the aftermath of the war. A recipient of the University of Rochesters 2021 Edward Peck Curtis Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching, Weaver teaches about the partition of Ireland as part of his course Great Britain and Ireland since 1800. (National Library of Ireland on The Commons / Wikimedia Commons). [100][101] The website of the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency also refers to Northern Ireland as being a province[102] as does the website of the Office of Public Sector Information[103] and other agencies within Northern Ireland. But Irish nationalists had unilaterally declared an independent Ireland and launched a guerrilla campaignthe Irish War of Independence, or Anglo-Irish War (191921) and refused to recognize the act; they refused to reconcile themselves to remaining within the United Kingdom. Hundreds of civilians were among the dead. They are also, with similar exceptions, entitled to be citizens of Ireland. At the Commonwealth Games and some other sporting events, the Northern Ireland team uses the Ulster Banner as its flagnotwithstanding its lack of official statusand the Londonderry Air (usually set to lyrics as Danny Boy), which also has no official status, as its national anthem. The third phase of main statistics results from Census 2021 are now available. Many people inside and outside Northern Ireland use other names for Northern Ireland, depending on their point of view. The Irish Rebellion of 1798 was led by the United Irishmen; a cross-community Irish republican group founded by Belfast Presbyterians, which sought Irish independence. Life in Northern Ireland v the rest of the UK: what does the data say? The position in UK nationality law is that most of those born in Northern Ireland are UK nationals, whether or not they so choose. A Northern Irish unionist clashes with police in Belfast in April 2021 near a peace wall separating the nationalist and loyalist communities. The Lower and Upper River Bann, River Foyle and River Blackwater form extensive fertile lowlands, with excellent arable land also found in North and East Down, although much of the hill country is marginal and suitable largely for animal husbandry. What did East Germanys rise and fall have to do with pigs? The August riots were the most sustained violence that Northern Ireland had seen since the early 1920s. There has been a real move toward liberalization and secularization to align the Irish Republic with the rest of Europe, so they are no longer a kind of quasi-theocratic outlier, but instead a place that looks more like the rest of Europe, along with economic progress. [93] According to a 2015 opinion poll, 70% express a long-term preference of the maintenance of Northern Ireland's membership of the United Kingdom (either directly ruled or with devolved government), while 14% express a preference for membership of a united Ireland. In general, though, it is striking that Protestants are concentrated on the eastern side of Northern Ireland. [89], The main political divide in Northern Ireland is between unionists, who wish to see Northern Ireland continue as part of the United Kingdom, and nationalists, who wish to see Northern Ireland unified with the Republic of Ireland, independent from the United Kingdom. RT, the national broadcaster of the Republic of Ireland, is available over the air to most parts of Northern Ireland via reception overspill of the Republic's Saorview service,[221] or via satellite and cable. Since 1987 public houses have been allowed to open on Sundays, despite some opposition. Also in north Antrim are the Carrick-a-Rede Rope Bridge, Mussenden Temple and the Glens of Antrim. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. [43] In May 1914, the UK Government introduced an Amending Bill to allow for 'Ulster' to be excluded from Home Rule. [13][14] Northern Ireland can also be simply described as "part of the UK", including by the UK government offices.[98]. Devolution in Northern Ireland is dependent upon participation by members of the Northern Ireland executive in the North/South Ministerial Council, which coordinates areas of cooperation (such as agriculture, education, and health) between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Northern Ireland is composed of 26 districts, derived from the boroughs of Belfast and Londonderry and the counties of Antrim, Armagh, Down, Fermanagh, Londonderry, and Tyrone. [12][13][14], Owing in part to how the United Kingdom, and Northern Ireland, came into being, there is no legally defined term to describe what Northern Ireland 'is'. Conflict between Protestants and Catholics in Ireland The troubles The country of Ireland, which is known for its beautiful scenery, is divided into two parts. A second extensive lake system is centred on Lower and Upper Lough Erne in Fermanagh. The Troubles came to an end, at least officially, with the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, which created a framework for political power-sharing and an end to decades of violence. Major seaports at Larne and Belfast carry passengers and freight between Great Britain and Northern Ireland. There are too many such areas to list here, so the best bet is to behave courteously everywhere you go. Thirteen protestors were killed and 17 wounded in a tragedy known as Bloody Sunday.. Of the province's 50 worst areas in terms of educational deprivation, 37 are in Belfast, with Neet rates running at between 10% and 17% of late teens in some parts of the city. [193], The official flag is that of the state having sovereignty over the territory, i.e. Most state schools in Northern Ireland are predominantly Protestant, while the majority of Catholic children attend schools maintained by the Catholic Church. New light shed on prospect of Catholic majority in North Its now threatening to rise up to recommission weapons, to launch its own sort of campaign of retaliatory violence. The USC was almost wholly Protestant. Will Northern Ireland's 'Peace Walls' Ever Come Down? The largest island of Northern Ireland is Rathlin, off the north Antrim coast. Dr Paul Nolan, who specialises in monitoring the peace process and social trends . Native species include deciduous trees such as oak, ash, hazel, birch, alder, willow, aspen, elm, rowan and hawthorn, as well as evergreen trees such Scots pine, yew and holly. The northern part, called also Northern Ireland belongs for today to the United Kingdom and covers about 13 800 km. During the Troubles, great conflict, violence, and riots infiltrated Ireland. However, its elected members often protested by abstaining from the Northern Ireland parliament, and many nationalists did not vote in parliamentary elections. What is the main language spoken in your own home? The Ulster Unionist Party in Northern Ireland wrote into law rampant discrimination against Catholicsin housing, employment, education, and job opportunities. Northern Ireland's golf courses include the Royal Belfast Golf Club (the earliest, formed in 1881), Royal Portrush Golf Club, which is the only course outside Great Britain to have hosted The Open Championship, and Royal County Down Golf Club (Golf Digest magazine's top-rated course outside the United States).[206][207]. The Ulster GAA is the branch of the Gaelic Athletic Association that is responsible for the nine counties of Ulster, which include the six of Northern Ireland. [80] As early as 1969, armed campaigns of paramilitary groups began, including the Provisional IRA campaign of 19691997 which was aimed at the end of British rule in Northern Ireland and the creation of a United Ireland, and the Ulster Volunteer Force, formed in 1966 in response to the perceived erosion of both the British character and unionist domination of Northern Ireland. Two Catholic schools in the area were burned in arson attacks within 24 hours last week. It was the beginning of a decades-long deployment in Northern Ireland by the British military. [145] The population in 2011 was 1.8million, a rise of 7.5% over the previous decade. 4.3% were born elsewhere; triple the amount there were in 2001. Partition of Ireland - Wikipedia [148] In 2021 the largest non-white ethnic groups were black (0.6%), Indian (0.5%), and Chinese (0.5%). The Battle of the Bogside, as its known, raged for three days, but some of the worst damage was inflicted in Belfast, where loyalist mobs aided by the B-Specials swarmed Catholic neighborhoods and burned 1,500 homes to the ground. The political unrest went through its most violent phase between 1968 and 1994. Many Protestants, loyalists and unionists believed the violence showed the true face of the Northern Ireland Catholic civil rights movement - as a front for the IRA and armed insurrection. What was intended as a temporary solution in the face of unrest, violence, and rebellion is still in effect a . [137] Today, only 8% of Northern Ireland is woodland, and most of this is non-native conifer plantations.[138]. Northern Ireland's Protestants and Catholics Adopt Israeli - Haaretz One of the men's side's regular international venues is Stormont in Belfast. The Northern Ireland Office represents the UK Government in Northern Ireland on reserved matters and represents Northern Ireland's interests within the UK Government. However, there are important differences in law and procedure between Northern Ireland and England and Wales. [150] At the 2011 census, 41.5% of the population identified as Protestant/other Christian, 41% as Roman Catholic, 0.8% as other religions, while 17% identified with no religion or did not state one. In December 1921, the British reconciled themselves to the nationalists demands and created an Irish Free State in the 26 counties of the south. Module:Community Relations. A longtime contributor to HowStuffWorks, Dave has also been published in The New York Times, the Los Angeles Times and Newsweek. As was intended by unionists and their supporters in Westminster, Northern Ireland had a unionist majority, who wanted to remain in the United Kingdom;[18] they were generally the Protestant descendants of colonists from Britain. "[195][196], The Irish Rugby Football Union and the Church of Ireland have used the Saint Patrick's Saltire or "Cross of StPatrick". [152] At the 2011 census, 48% came from a Protestant background, 45% from a Catholic background, 0.9% from other religious backgrounds, and 5.6% from non-religious backgrounds. Even kerbstones in some areas are painted red-white-blue or green-white-orange, depending on whether local people express unionist/loyalist or nationalist/republican sympathies. These figures are presented here as an approximation of the community balance, without implying any particular significance to the absolute figures. From Jesus' command to "love your enemies" to the idea of "holy war" is a giant leap. The Catholic population, meanwhile, is growing relative to the Protestant population. An alphabetical list of parishes in Northern Ireland detailing townlands within the parish and includes divisions and OS map references. The Irish Times, May 2008. On January 30, 1972, Catholic nationalists in Derry organized a march to protest the British internment policy, but the military was called in to shut it down. Northern Irish murals have become well-known features of Northern Ireland, depicting past and present events and documenting peace and cultural diversity. Motorcycle racing is a particularly popular sport during the summer months, with the main meetings of the season attracting some of the largest crowds to any outdoor sporting event in the whole of Ireland. The attackers, estimated at 300 loyalists, swarmed the bridge wielding clubs and iron bars. King George V addressed the ceremonial opening of the Northern parliament on 22 June. The police charged the protestors and simultaneously cut off their retreat. Despite being able to cement an alliance with Spain and major victories early on, inevitable defeat was virtually guaranteed following England's victory at the siege of Kinsale. A petrol bomb which was thrown at a police van (left) is pictured burning out in Rossville Street, Derry, Northern Ireland, October 1968. It defies the whole spirit of the Good Friday Agreement, the power-sharing agreement that ended the Troubles, in 1998, and tended to diminish the distinctions between north and south. They have no legal status today, but share distinct histories and identities. Following the reform of local government in Northern Ireland the twenty-six districts created in 1973 were replaced with eleven "super districts". Recent census data shows that the population of Ireland is nearly split between Protestants and Catholics, with a growing percentage identifying with neither. PPT - Northern Ireland PowerPoint Presentation, free download - ID:5390524 The sport is governed locally by the Northern Ireland Billiards and Snooker Association who run regular ranking tournaments and competitions. [2] In the Belfast City Council and Derry and Strabane District Council areas, the figures at ward level vary from 99% Protestant to 92% Catholic. These figures were largely unchanged from the 1998 results.[164][165]. At first, it still appeared as if the revolutionaries would take over the old symbols because on the roof of their headquarters, the Dublin General Post Office, a green flag with the harp was hoisted next to the republican tricolour although with the inscription 'Irish Republic'. Irishmen and women hold a prayer vigil on Londons Downing Street in July 1921, as negotiations take place with Irish nationalists. Northern Ireland is made up of six of the nine counties of the traditional Irish region of Ulster. Unlike in the rest of the country, where Gaelic authority continued only in scattered, remote pockets, the major kingdoms of Ulster would mostly remain intact with English authority in the province contained to areas on the eastern coast closest to Great Britain. Belfast is the most diverse local government district (7.1%) followed by Mid Ulster (4%) and Lisburn and Castlereagh (3.9%). Students often misunderstand this; they think of Northern Ireland as the Protestant-majority part of Ireland. Those counties were not yet an Irish Republic; they were a dominion within the British Empire, but no longer a part of the United Kingdom. In 1973, Northern Ireland held a referendum to determine if it should remain in the United Kingdom, or be part of a united Ireland. Of the four, football is the most popular in Northern Ireland. [64], Northern Ireland's border was drawn to give it "a decisive Protestant majority". The local economy has seen contraction during the Great Recession. Its no coincidence that the partition happened in the immediate aftermath of the war. Choice of language and nomenclature in Northern Ireland often reveals the cultural, ethnic, and religious identity of the speaker. [68], The Nationalist Party was the main political party in opposition to the UUP governments. The partition of Ireland (Irish: crochdheighilt na hireann) was the process by which the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland divided Ireland into two self-governing polities: Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland.It was enacted on 3 May 1921 under the Government of Ireland Act 1920.The Act intended both territories to remain within the United Kingdom and contained . This final act of decommissioning was performed under the watch of the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning (IICD) and two external church witnesses. How the Troubles Began in Northern Ireland - History ), The General Post Office in Dublinthe headquarters of Irish nationalists of the Irish Republican Brotherhood during the 1916 Easter Risingwas gutted by British forces in a swift military response to the rebellion. Boundaries were mapped and spellings standardised by Ordnance Survey of Ireland, Est. The Union Jack and the former Northern Ireland flag are flown in many loyalist areas, and the Tricolour, adopted by republicans as the flag of Ireland in 1916,[192] is flown in some republican areas.
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